Transcript SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS CHAPTER 16 Population and Urbanization Section 1: Population Change Section 2: Urban Life HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON.

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
CHAPTER 16
Population and Urbanization
Section 1: Population Change
Section 2: Urban Life
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Population Change
Objectives:
 Identify factors that affect the size and
structure of populations and explain how
sociologists measure these factors.
 Summarize how sociologists explain
population change and describe the programs
that have been instituted to control population
growth.
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Population Change
Size and Structure of Populations
 Birthrate – annual number of live birth per 1,000
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members of a population
Death rate – number of deaths within a society
Migration rate – annual difference between inmigration and out-migration
Growth rate – rate at which a country’s population is
increasing
Population Composition – age and sex
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Population Change
Explaining Population Change
and Controlling Population Growth
 Malthusian Theory – geometric population growth
but arithmetic food production, population growth
could outpace food production
 Demographic Transition Theory – lower birthrate and
lower death rate as a result of a higher stage of
technological development
 Controlling Population Growth – family planning and
economic improvements
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Urban Life
Objectives:
 Explain how cities evolved and why
urbanization is such a recent event.
 Identify the models that have been proposed to
explain the structure of cities and summarize
the theories that have been put forth to explain
city life.
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Urban Life
Evolution of the City
and Urbanization
 Cities arose with the Agricultural Revolution and
preindustrial cities were small
 Different occupations were located in distinct sectors
and people were segregated into classes or castes
 Unsanitary conditions led to high death rates
 During the Industrial Revolution people came to the
cities in search of jobs
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Urban Life
Evolution of the City
and Urbanization
(continued)
 Today 75 percent of Americans live in urban areas
and almost every region of the country is heavily
urbanized
 Urbanization in more-developed nations has generally
followed an ordered progression and has resulted in
increased rates of literacy, greater economic
opportunities, and improved health care
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Urban Life
Models of Cities
 Concentric Zone Model – city spreads outward
from center, resulting in a series of circles, or
zones
 Sector Model- city grows in wedge-shaped sectors
outward from center to edges of the city
 Multiple-Nuclei Model- city develops around
several centers of activity, or “nuclei,” devoted to
specialized land use
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Urban Life
Theories of City Life
 Anomie Theory – city is anonymous and
unfriendly and carries negative consequences for
residents
 Compositional Theory – greater diversity of city
residents leads to greater variety of lifestyles
 Subcultural Theory – people can find others with
similar interests in diverse cities, some people
form close ties
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON