SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS CHAPTER 4 Social Structure Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure Section 2: Types of Social Interaction Section 3:
Download ReportTranscript SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS CHAPTER 4 Social Structure Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure Section 2: Types of Social Interaction Section 3:
Slide 1
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
CHAPTER 4
Social Structure
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Section 3: Types of Societies
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Objectives:
Identify and describe the two major
components of social structure.
Analyze how these two components of social
structure affect human interaction.
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Major Components of Social Structure
Status – a socially defined position in a group
or in a society and has attached to it one or
more roles
Role – the behavior expected of someone
occupying a particular status
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
People’s particular roles and statuses affect
how they relate to one another.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Objectives:
Identify the most common types of social
interaction.
Distinguish between types of interactions that
stabilize social structure and those that can
disrupt it.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
Exchange – interacting in an effort to receive a
reward or a return for one’s actions
Competition – two or more people or groups in
opposition to achieve a goal that only one can attain
Conflict – the deliberate attempt to control a person
by force, to oppose someone else, or to harm another
person
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
(continued)
Cooperation – two or more people or groups working
together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than
one of them
Accommodation – a state of balance between
cooperation and conflict
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Interactions That Stabilize and Disrupt
Competition and Conflict – disrupt social
stability
Accommodation, Exchange, and Cooperation
stabilize social stability
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Objectives:
Identify and describe the types of societies that
exist in the world today.
Explain the roles individuals play in these
models of group systems.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Types of Societies
Preindustrial – food production is the main economic
activity and can be subdivided according to the level
of technology and the method of producing food
Industrial – emphasis shifts from the production of
food to the production of manufactured goods made
possible by changes in production methods
Postindustrial – much of the economy is involved in
providing information and services
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Roles of Individuals
Roles related to:
Leadership
Family
Work
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Objectives:
Summarize the major features of primary and
secondary groups.
Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Primary Groups
Interact over a long period of time on a direct
and personal basis
Entire self of the individual is taken into
account
Relationships are intimate and face-to-face
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Secondary Groups
Interaction is impersonal and temporary in
nature
Involve a reaction to only a part of the
individual’s self
Casual and limited to personal involvement
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Purposes of Groups
Select leaders – people that influence the attitudes
and opinions of others
Define their boundaries – so that members can tell
who belongs and who does not
Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions
Control their members’ behavior – if members violate
groups norms, the group cannot survive long
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Objectives:
Explain how bureaucracies are structured.
Evaluate the effectiveness of bureaucracies.
16
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Weber’s Model
Division of Labor
Ranking of Authority
Employment based on formal qualifications
Rules and regulations
Specific lines of promotion and advancement
17
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Effectiveness of Bureaucracies
Efficient at coordinating large numbers of
people, defining tasks and rewards
Provides stability
Can lose sight of goals, create red tape, and
result in oligarchies
In some instances, rewards incompetence and
expands uncontrollably
18
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 2
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
CHAPTER 4
Social Structure
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Section 3: Types of Societies
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Objectives:
Identify and describe the two major
components of social structure.
Analyze how these two components of social
structure affect human interaction.
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Major Components of Social Structure
Status – a socially defined position in a group
or in a society and has attached to it one or
more roles
Role – the behavior expected of someone
occupying a particular status
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
People’s particular roles and statuses affect
how they relate to one another.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Objectives:
Identify the most common types of social
interaction.
Distinguish between types of interactions that
stabilize social structure and those that can
disrupt it.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
Exchange – interacting in an effort to receive a
reward or a return for one’s actions
Competition – two or more people or groups in
opposition to achieve a goal that only one can attain
Conflict – the deliberate attempt to control a person
by force, to oppose someone else, or to harm another
person
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
(continued)
Cooperation – two or more people or groups working
together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than
one of them
Accommodation – a state of balance between
cooperation and conflict
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Interactions That Stabilize and Disrupt
Competition and Conflict – disrupt social
stability
Accommodation, Exchange, and Cooperation
stabilize social stability
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Objectives:
Identify and describe the types of societies that
exist in the world today.
Explain the roles individuals play in these
models of group systems.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Types of Societies
Preindustrial – food production is the main economic
activity and can be subdivided according to the level
of technology and the method of producing food
Industrial – emphasis shifts from the production of
food to the production of manufactured goods made
possible by changes in production methods
Postindustrial – much of the economy is involved in
providing information and services
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Roles of Individuals
Roles related to:
Leadership
Family
Work
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Objectives:
Summarize the major features of primary and
secondary groups.
Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Primary Groups
Interact over a long period of time on a direct
and personal basis
Entire self of the individual is taken into
account
Relationships are intimate and face-to-face
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Secondary Groups
Interaction is impersonal and temporary in
nature
Involve a reaction to only a part of the
individual’s self
Casual and limited to personal involvement
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Purposes of Groups
Select leaders – people that influence the attitudes
and opinions of others
Define their boundaries – so that members can tell
who belongs and who does not
Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions
Control their members’ behavior – if members violate
groups norms, the group cannot survive long
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Objectives:
Explain how bureaucracies are structured.
Evaluate the effectiveness of bureaucracies.
16
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Weber’s Model
Division of Labor
Ranking of Authority
Employment based on formal qualifications
Rules and regulations
Specific lines of promotion and advancement
17
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Effectiveness of Bureaucracies
Efficient at coordinating large numbers of
people, defining tasks and rewards
Provides stability
Can lose sight of goals, create red tape, and
result in oligarchies
In some instances, rewards incompetence and
expands uncontrollably
18
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 3
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
CHAPTER 4
Social Structure
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Section 3: Types of Societies
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Objectives:
Identify and describe the two major
components of social structure.
Analyze how these two components of social
structure affect human interaction.
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Major Components of Social Structure
Status – a socially defined position in a group
or in a society and has attached to it one or
more roles
Role – the behavior expected of someone
occupying a particular status
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
People’s particular roles and statuses affect
how they relate to one another.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Objectives:
Identify the most common types of social
interaction.
Distinguish between types of interactions that
stabilize social structure and those that can
disrupt it.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
Exchange – interacting in an effort to receive a
reward or a return for one’s actions
Competition – two or more people or groups in
opposition to achieve a goal that only one can attain
Conflict – the deliberate attempt to control a person
by force, to oppose someone else, or to harm another
person
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
(continued)
Cooperation – two or more people or groups working
together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than
one of them
Accommodation – a state of balance between
cooperation and conflict
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Interactions That Stabilize and Disrupt
Competition and Conflict – disrupt social
stability
Accommodation, Exchange, and Cooperation
stabilize social stability
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Objectives:
Identify and describe the types of societies that
exist in the world today.
Explain the roles individuals play in these
models of group systems.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Types of Societies
Preindustrial – food production is the main economic
activity and can be subdivided according to the level
of technology and the method of producing food
Industrial – emphasis shifts from the production of
food to the production of manufactured goods made
possible by changes in production methods
Postindustrial – much of the economy is involved in
providing information and services
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Roles of Individuals
Roles related to:
Leadership
Family
Work
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Objectives:
Summarize the major features of primary and
secondary groups.
Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Primary Groups
Interact over a long period of time on a direct
and personal basis
Entire self of the individual is taken into
account
Relationships are intimate and face-to-face
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Secondary Groups
Interaction is impersonal and temporary in
nature
Involve a reaction to only a part of the
individual’s self
Casual and limited to personal involvement
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Purposes of Groups
Select leaders – people that influence the attitudes
and opinions of others
Define their boundaries – so that members can tell
who belongs and who does not
Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions
Control their members’ behavior – if members violate
groups norms, the group cannot survive long
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Objectives:
Explain how bureaucracies are structured.
Evaluate the effectiveness of bureaucracies.
16
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Weber’s Model
Division of Labor
Ranking of Authority
Employment based on formal qualifications
Rules and regulations
Specific lines of promotion and advancement
17
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Effectiveness of Bureaucracies
Efficient at coordinating large numbers of
people, defining tasks and rewards
Provides stability
Can lose sight of goals, create red tape, and
result in oligarchies
In some instances, rewards incompetence and
expands uncontrollably
18
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 4
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
CHAPTER 4
Social Structure
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Section 3: Types of Societies
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Objectives:
Identify and describe the two major
components of social structure.
Analyze how these two components of social
structure affect human interaction.
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Major Components of Social Structure
Status – a socially defined position in a group
or in a society and has attached to it one or
more roles
Role – the behavior expected of someone
occupying a particular status
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
People’s particular roles and statuses affect
how they relate to one another.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Objectives:
Identify the most common types of social
interaction.
Distinguish between types of interactions that
stabilize social structure and those that can
disrupt it.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
Exchange – interacting in an effort to receive a
reward or a return for one’s actions
Competition – two or more people or groups in
opposition to achieve a goal that only one can attain
Conflict – the deliberate attempt to control a person
by force, to oppose someone else, or to harm another
person
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
(continued)
Cooperation – two or more people or groups working
together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than
one of them
Accommodation – a state of balance between
cooperation and conflict
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Interactions That Stabilize and Disrupt
Competition and Conflict – disrupt social
stability
Accommodation, Exchange, and Cooperation
stabilize social stability
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Objectives:
Identify and describe the types of societies that
exist in the world today.
Explain the roles individuals play in these
models of group systems.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Types of Societies
Preindustrial – food production is the main economic
activity and can be subdivided according to the level
of technology and the method of producing food
Industrial – emphasis shifts from the production of
food to the production of manufactured goods made
possible by changes in production methods
Postindustrial – much of the economy is involved in
providing information and services
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Roles of Individuals
Roles related to:
Leadership
Family
Work
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Objectives:
Summarize the major features of primary and
secondary groups.
Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Primary Groups
Interact over a long period of time on a direct
and personal basis
Entire self of the individual is taken into
account
Relationships are intimate and face-to-face
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Secondary Groups
Interaction is impersonal and temporary in
nature
Involve a reaction to only a part of the
individual’s self
Casual and limited to personal involvement
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Purposes of Groups
Select leaders – people that influence the attitudes
and opinions of others
Define their boundaries – so that members can tell
who belongs and who does not
Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions
Control their members’ behavior – if members violate
groups norms, the group cannot survive long
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Objectives:
Explain how bureaucracies are structured.
Evaluate the effectiveness of bureaucracies.
16
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Weber’s Model
Division of Labor
Ranking of Authority
Employment based on formal qualifications
Rules and regulations
Specific lines of promotion and advancement
17
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Effectiveness of Bureaucracies
Efficient at coordinating large numbers of
people, defining tasks and rewards
Provides stability
Can lose sight of goals, create red tape, and
result in oligarchies
In some instances, rewards incompetence and
expands uncontrollably
18
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 5
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
CHAPTER 4
Social Structure
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Section 3: Types of Societies
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Objectives:
Identify and describe the two major
components of social structure.
Analyze how these two components of social
structure affect human interaction.
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Major Components of Social Structure
Status – a socially defined position in a group
or in a society and has attached to it one or
more roles
Role – the behavior expected of someone
occupying a particular status
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
People’s particular roles and statuses affect
how they relate to one another.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Objectives:
Identify the most common types of social
interaction.
Distinguish between types of interactions that
stabilize social structure and those that can
disrupt it.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
Exchange – interacting in an effort to receive a
reward or a return for one’s actions
Competition – two or more people or groups in
opposition to achieve a goal that only one can attain
Conflict – the deliberate attempt to control a person
by force, to oppose someone else, or to harm another
person
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
(continued)
Cooperation – two or more people or groups working
together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than
one of them
Accommodation – a state of balance between
cooperation and conflict
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Interactions That Stabilize and Disrupt
Competition and Conflict – disrupt social
stability
Accommodation, Exchange, and Cooperation
stabilize social stability
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Objectives:
Identify and describe the types of societies that
exist in the world today.
Explain the roles individuals play in these
models of group systems.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Types of Societies
Preindustrial – food production is the main economic
activity and can be subdivided according to the level
of technology and the method of producing food
Industrial – emphasis shifts from the production of
food to the production of manufactured goods made
possible by changes in production methods
Postindustrial – much of the economy is involved in
providing information and services
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Roles of Individuals
Roles related to:
Leadership
Family
Work
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Objectives:
Summarize the major features of primary and
secondary groups.
Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Primary Groups
Interact over a long period of time on a direct
and personal basis
Entire self of the individual is taken into
account
Relationships are intimate and face-to-face
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Secondary Groups
Interaction is impersonal and temporary in
nature
Involve a reaction to only a part of the
individual’s self
Casual and limited to personal involvement
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Purposes of Groups
Select leaders – people that influence the attitudes
and opinions of others
Define their boundaries – so that members can tell
who belongs and who does not
Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions
Control their members’ behavior – if members violate
groups norms, the group cannot survive long
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Objectives:
Explain how bureaucracies are structured.
Evaluate the effectiveness of bureaucracies.
16
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Weber’s Model
Division of Labor
Ranking of Authority
Employment based on formal qualifications
Rules and regulations
Specific lines of promotion and advancement
17
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Effectiveness of Bureaucracies
Efficient at coordinating large numbers of
people, defining tasks and rewards
Provides stability
Can lose sight of goals, create red tape, and
result in oligarchies
In some instances, rewards incompetence and
expands uncontrollably
18
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 6
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
CHAPTER 4
Social Structure
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Section 3: Types of Societies
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Objectives:
Identify and describe the two major
components of social structure.
Analyze how these two components of social
structure affect human interaction.
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Major Components of Social Structure
Status – a socially defined position in a group
or in a society and has attached to it one or
more roles
Role – the behavior expected of someone
occupying a particular status
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
People’s particular roles and statuses affect
how they relate to one another.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Objectives:
Identify the most common types of social
interaction.
Distinguish between types of interactions that
stabilize social structure and those that can
disrupt it.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
Exchange – interacting in an effort to receive a
reward or a return for one’s actions
Competition – two or more people or groups in
opposition to achieve a goal that only one can attain
Conflict – the deliberate attempt to control a person
by force, to oppose someone else, or to harm another
person
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
(continued)
Cooperation – two or more people or groups working
together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than
one of them
Accommodation – a state of balance between
cooperation and conflict
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Interactions That Stabilize and Disrupt
Competition and Conflict – disrupt social
stability
Accommodation, Exchange, and Cooperation
stabilize social stability
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Objectives:
Identify and describe the types of societies that
exist in the world today.
Explain the roles individuals play in these
models of group systems.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Types of Societies
Preindustrial – food production is the main economic
activity and can be subdivided according to the level
of technology and the method of producing food
Industrial – emphasis shifts from the production of
food to the production of manufactured goods made
possible by changes in production methods
Postindustrial – much of the economy is involved in
providing information and services
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Roles of Individuals
Roles related to:
Leadership
Family
Work
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Objectives:
Summarize the major features of primary and
secondary groups.
Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Primary Groups
Interact over a long period of time on a direct
and personal basis
Entire self of the individual is taken into
account
Relationships are intimate and face-to-face
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Secondary Groups
Interaction is impersonal and temporary in
nature
Involve a reaction to only a part of the
individual’s self
Casual and limited to personal involvement
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Purposes of Groups
Select leaders – people that influence the attitudes
and opinions of others
Define their boundaries – so that members can tell
who belongs and who does not
Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions
Control their members’ behavior – if members violate
groups norms, the group cannot survive long
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Objectives:
Explain how bureaucracies are structured.
Evaluate the effectiveness of bureaucracies.
16
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Weber’s Model
Division of Labor
Ranking of Authority
Employment based on formal qualifications
Rules and regulations
Specific lines of promotion and advancement
17
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Effectiveness of Bureaucracies
Efficient at coordinating large numbers of
people, defining tasks and rewards
Provides stability
Can lose sight of goals, create red tape, and
result in oligarchies
In some instances, rewards incompetence and
expands uncontrollably
18
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 7
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
CHAPTER 4
Social Structure
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Section 3: Types of Societies
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Objectives:
Identify and describe the two major
components of social structure.
Analyze how these two components of social
structure affect human interaction.
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Major Components of Social Structure
Status – a socially defined position in a group
or in a society and has attached to it one or
more roles
Role – the behavior expected of someone
occupying a particular status
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
People’s particular roles and statuses affect
how they relate to one another.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Objectives:
Identify the most common types of social
interaction.
Distinguish between types of interactions that
stabilize social structure and those that can
disrupt it.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
Exchange – interacting in an effort to receive a
reward or a return for one’s actions
Competition – two or more people or groups in
opposition to achieve a goal that only one can attain
Conflict – the deliberate attempt to control a person
by force, to oppose someone else, or to harm another
person
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
(continued)
Cooperation – two or more people or groups working
together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than
one of them
Accommodation – a state of balance between
cooperation and conflict
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Interactions That Stabilize and Disrupt
Competition and Conflict – disrupt social
stability
Accommodation, Exchange, and Cooperation
stabilize social stability
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Objectives:
Identify and describe the types of societies that
exist in the world today.
Explain the roles individuals play in these
models of group systems.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Types of Societies
Preindustrial – food production is the main economic
activity and can be subdivided according to the level
of technology and the method of producing food
Industrial – emphasis shifts from the production of
food to the production of manufactured goods made
possible by changes in production methods
Postindustrial – much of the economy is involved in
providing information and services
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Roles of Individuals
Roles related to:
Leadership
Family
Work
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Objectives:
Summarize the major features of primary and
secondary groups.
Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Primary Groups
Interact over a long period of time on a direct
and personal basis
Entire self of the individual is taken into
account
Relationships are intimate and face-to-face
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Secondary Groups
Interaction is impersonal and temporary in
nature
Involve a reaction to only a part of the
individual’s self
Casual and limited to personal involvement
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Purposes of Groups
Select leaders – people that influence the attitudes
and opinions of others
Define their boundaries – so that members can tell
who belongs and who does not
Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions
Control their members’ behavior – if members violate
groups norms, the group cannot survive long
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Objectives:
Explain how bureaucracies are structured.
Evaluate the effectiveness of bureaucracies.
16
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Weber’s Model
Division of Labor
Ranking of Authority
Employment based on formal qualifications
Rules and regulations
Specific lines of promotion and advancement
17
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Effectiveness of Bureaucracies
Efficient at coordinating large numbers of
people, defining tasks and rewards
Provides stability
Can lose sight of goals, create red tape, and
result in oligarchies
In some instances, rewards incompetence and
expands uncontrollably
18
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 8
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
CHAPTER 4
Social Structure
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Section 3: Types of Societies
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Objectives:
Identify and describe the two major
components of social structure.
Analyze how these two components of social
structure affect human interaction.
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Major Components of Social Structure
Status – a socially defined position in a group
or in a society and has attached to it one or
more roles
Role – the behavior expected of someone
occupying a particular status
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
People’s particular roles and statuses affect
how they relate to one another.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Objectives:
Identify the most common types of social
interaction.
Distinguish between types of interactions that
stabilize social structure and those that can
disrupt it.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
Exchange – interacting in an effort to receive a
reward or a return for one’s actions
Competition – two or more people or groups in
opposition to achieve a goal that only one can attain
Conflict – the deliberate attempt to control a person
by force, to oppose someone else, or to harm another
person
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
(continued)
Cooperation – two or more people or groups working
together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than
one of them
Accommodation – a state of balance between
cooperation and conflict
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Interactions That Stabilize and Disrupt
Competition and Conflict – disrupt social
stability
Accommodation, Exchange, and Cooperation
stabilize social stability
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Objectives:
Identify and describe the types of societies that
exist in the world today.
Explain the roles individuals play in these
models of group systems.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Types of Societies
Preindustrial – food production is the main economic
activity and can be subdivided according to the level
of technology and the method of producing food
Industrial – emphasis shifts from the production of
food to the production of manufactured goods made
possible by changes in production methods
Postindustrial – much of the economy is involved in
providing information and services
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Roles of Individuals
Roles related to:
Leadership
Family
Work
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Objectives:
Summarize the major features of primary and
secondary groups.
Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Primary Groups
Interact over a long period of time on a direct
and personal basis
Entire self of the individual is taken into
account
Relationships are intimate and face-to-face
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Secondary Groups
Interaction is impersonal and temporary in
nature
Involve a reaction to only a part of the
individual’s self
Casual and limited to personal involvement
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Purposes of Groups
Select leaders – people that influence the attitudes
and opinions of others
Define their boundaries – so that members can tell
who belongs and who does not
Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions
Control their members’ behavior – if members violate
groups norms, the group cannot survive long
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Objectives:
Explain how bureaucracies are structured.
Evaluate the effectiveness of bureaucracies.
16
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Weber’s Model
Division of Labor
Ranking of Authority
Employment based on formal qualifications
Rules and regulations
Specific lines of promotion and advancement
17
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Effectiveness of Bureaucracies
Efficient at coordinating large numbers of
people, defining tasks and rewards
Provides stability
Can lose sight of goals, create red tape, and
result in oligarchies
In some instances, rewards incompetence and
expands uncontrollably
18
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 9
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
CHAPTER 4
Social Structure
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Section 3: Types of Societies
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Objectives:
Identify and describe the two major
components of social structure.
Analyze how these two components of social
structure affect human interaction.
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Major Components of Social Structure
Status – a socially defined position in a group
or in a society and has attached to it one or
more roles
Role – the behavior expected of someone
occupying a particular status
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
People’s particular roles and statuses affect
how they relate to one another.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Objectives:
Identify the most common types of social
interaction.
Distinguish between types of interactions that
stabilize social structure and those that can
disrupt it.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
Exchange – interacting in an effort to receive a
reward or a return for one’s actions
Competition – two or more people or groups in
opposition to achieve a goal that only one can attain
Conflict – the deliberate attempt to control a person
by force, to oppose someone else, or to harm another
person
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
(continued)
Cooperation – two or more people or groups working
together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than
one of them
Accommodation – a state of balance between
cooperation and conflict
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Interactions That Stabilize and Disrupt
Competition and Conflict – disrupt social
stability
Accommodation, Exchange, and Cooperation
stabilize social stability
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Objectives:
Identify and describe the types of societies that
exist in the world today.
Explain the roles individuals play in these
models of group systems.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Types of Societies
Preindustrial – food production is the main economic
activity and can be subdivided according to the level
of technology and the method of producing food
Industrial – emphasis shifts from the production of
food to the production of manufactured goods made
possible by changes in production methods
Postindustrial – much of the economy is involved in
providing information and services
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Roles of Individuals
Roles related to:
Leadership
Family
Work
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Objectives:
Summarize the major features of primary and
secondary groups.
Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Primary Groups
Interact over a long period of time on a direct
and personal basis
Entire self of the individual is taken into
account
Relationships are intimate and face-to-face
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Secondary Groups
Interaction is impersonal and temporary in
nature
Involve a reaction to only a part of the
individual’s self
Casual and limited to personal involvement
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Purposes of Groups
Select leaders – people that influence the attitudes
and opinions of others
Define their boundaries – so that members can tell
who belongs and who does not
Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions
Control their members’ behavior – if members violate
groups norms, the group cannot survive long
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Objectives:
Explain how bureaucracies are structured.
Evaluate the effectiveness of bureaucracies.
16
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Weber’s Model
Division of Labor
Ranking of Authority
Employment based on formal qualifications
Rules and regulations
Specific lines of promotion and advancement
17
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Effectiveness of Bureaucracies
Efficient at coordinating large numbers of
people, defining tasks and rewards
Provides stability
Can lose sight of goals, create red tape, and
result in oligarchies
In some instances, rewards incompetence and
expands uncontrollably
18
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 10
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
CHAPTER 4
Social Structure
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Section 3: Types of Societies
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Objectives:
Identify and describe the two major
components of social structure.
Analyze how these two components of social
structure affect human interaction.
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Major Components of Social Structure
Status – a socially defined position in a group
or in a society and has attached to it one or
more roles
Role – the behavior expected of someone
occupying a particular status
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
People’s particular roles and statuses affect
how they relate to one another.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Objectives:
Identify the most common types of social
interaction.
Distinguish between types of interactions that
stabilize social structure and those that can
disrupt it.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
Exchange – interacting in an effort to receive a
reward or a return for one’s actions
Competition – two or more people or groups in
opposition to achieve a goal that only one can attain
Conflict – the deliberate attempt to control a person
by force, to oppose someone else, or to harm another
person
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
(continued)
Cooperation – two or more people or groups working
together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than
one of them
Accommodation – a state of balance between
cooperation and conflict
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Interactions That Stabilize and Disrupt
Competition and Conflict – disrupt social
stability
Accommodation, Exchange, and Cooperation
stabilize social stability
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Objectives:
Identify and describe the types of societies that
exist in the world today.
Explain the roles individuals play in these
models of group systems.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Types of Societies
Preindustrial – food production is the main economic
activity and can be subdivided according to the level
of technology and the method of producing food
Industrial – emphasis shifts from the production of
food to the production of manufactured goods made
possible by changes in production methods
Postindustrial – much of the economy is involved in
providing information and services
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Roles of Individuals
Roles related to:
Leadership
Family
Work
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Objectives:
Summarize the major features of primary and
secondary groups.
Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Primary Groups
Interact over a long period of time on a direct
and personal basis
Entire self of the individual is taken into
account
Relationships are intimate and face-to-face
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Secondary Groups
Interaction is impersonal and temporary in
nature
Involve a reaction to only a part of the
individual’s self
Casual and limited to personal involvement
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Purposes of Groups
Select leaders – people that influence the attitudes
and opinions of others
Define their boundaries – so that members can tell
who belongs and who does not
Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions
Control their members’ behavior – if members violate
groups norms, the group cannot survive long
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Objectives:
Explain how bureaucracies are structured.
Evaluate the effectiveness of bureaucracies.
16
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Weber’s Model
Division of Labor
Ranking of Authority
Employment based on formal qualifications
Rules and regulations
Specific lines of promotion and advancement
17
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Effectiveness of Bureaucracies
Efficient at coordinating large numbers of
people, defining tasks and rewards
Provides stability
Can lose sight of goals, create red tape, and
result in oligarchies
In some instances, rewards incompetence and
expands uncontrollably
18
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 11
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
CHAPTER 4
Social Structure
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Section 3: Types of Societies
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Objectives:
Identify and describe the two major
components of social structure.
Analyze how these two components of social
structure affect human interaction.
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Major Components of Social Structure
Status – a socially defined position in a group
or in a society and has attached to it one or
more roles
Role – the behavior expected of someone
occupying a particular status
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
People’s particular roles and statuses affect
how they relate to one another.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Objectives:
Identify the most common types of social
interaction.
Distinguish between types of interactions that
stabilize social structure and those that can
disrupt it.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
Exchange – interacting in an effort to receive a
reward or a return for one’s actions
Competition – two or more people or groups in
opposition to achieve a goal that only one can attain
Conflict – the deliberate attempt to control a person
by force, to oppose someone else, or to harm another
person
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
(continued)
Cooperation – two or more people or groups working
together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than
one of them
Accommodation – a state of balance between
cooperation and conflict
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Interactions That Stabilize and Disrupt
Competition and Conflict – disrupt social
stability
Accommodation, Exchange, and Cooperation
stabilize social stability
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Objectives:
Identify and describe the types of societies that
exist in the world today.
Explain the roles individuals play in these
models of group systems.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Types of Societies
Preindustrial – food production is the main economic
activity and can be subdivided according to the level
of technology and the method of producing food
Industrial – emphasis shifts from the production of
food to the production of manufactured goods made
possible by changes in production methods
Postindustrial – much of the economy is involved in
providing information and services
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Roles of Individuals
Roles related to:
Leadership
Family
Work
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Objectives:
Summarize the major features of primary and
secondary groups.
Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Primary Groups
Interact over a long period of time on a direct
and personal basis
Entire self of the individual is taken into
account
Relationships are intimate and face-to-face
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Secondary Groups
Interaction is impersonal and temporary in
nature
Involve a reaction to only a part of the
individual’s self
Casual and limited to personal involvement
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Purposes of Groups
Select leaders – people that influence the attitudes
and opinions of others
Define their boundaries – so that members can tell
who belongs and who does not
Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions
Control their members’ behavior – if members violate
groups norms, the group cannot survive long
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Objectives:
Explain how bureaucracies are structured.
Evaluate the effectiveness of bureaucracies.
16
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Weber’s Model
Division of Labor
Ranking of Authority
Employment based on formal qualifications
Rules and regulations
Specific lines of promotion and advancement
17
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Effectiveness of Bureaucracies
Efficient at coordinating large numbers of
people, defining tasks and rewards
Provides stability
Can lose sight of goals, create red tape, and
result in oligarchies
In some instances, rewards incompetence and
expands uncontrollably
18
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 12
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
CHAPTER 4
Social Structure
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Section 3: Types of Societies
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Objectives:
Identify and describe the two major
components of social structure.
Analyze how these two components of social
structure affect human interaction.
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Major Components of Social Structure
Status – a socially defined position in a group
or in a society and has attached to it one or
more roles
Role – the behavior expected of someone
occupying a particular status
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
People’s particular roles and statuses affect
how they relate to one another.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Objectives:
Identify the most common types of social
interaction.
Distinguish between types of interactions that
stabilize social structure and those that can
disrupt it.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
Exchange – interacting in an effort to receive a
reward or a return for one’s actions
Competition – two or more people or groups in
opposition to achieve a goal that only one can attain
Conflict – the deliberate attempt to control a person
by force, to oppose someone else, or to harm another
person
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
(continued)
Cooperation – two or more people or groups working
together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than
one of them
Accommodation – a state of balance between
cooperation and conflict
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Interactions That Stabilize and Disrupt
Competition and Conflict – disrupt social
stability
Accommodation, Exchange, and Cooperation
stabilize social stability
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Objectives:
Identify and describe the types of societies that
exist in the world today.
Explain the roles individuals play in these
models of group systems.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Types of Societies
Preindustrial – food production is the main economic
activity and can be subdivided according to the level
of technology and the method of producing food
Industrial – emphasis shifts from the production of
food to the production of manufactured goods made
possible by changes in production methods
Postindustrial – much of the economy is involved in
providing information and services
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Roles of Individuals
Roles related to:
Leadership
Family
Work
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Objectives:
Summarize the major features of primary and
secondary groups.
Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Primary Groups
Interact over a long period of time on a direct
and personal basis
Entire self of the individual is taken into
account
Relationships are intimate and face-to-face
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Secondary Groups
Interaction is impersonal and temporary in
nature
Involve a reaction to only a part of the
individual’s self
Casual and limited to personal involvement
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Purposes of Groups
Select leaders – people that influence the attitudes
and opinions of others
Define their boundaries – so that members can tell
who belongs and who does not
Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions
Control their members’ behavior – if members violate
groups norms, the group cannot survive long
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Objectives:
Explain how bureaucracies are structured.
Evaluate the effectiveness of bureaucracies.
16
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Weber’s Model
Division of Labor
Ranking of Authority
Employment based on formal qualifications
Rules and regulations
Specific lines of promotion and advancement
17
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Effectiveness of Bureaucracies
Efficient at coordinating large numbers of
people, defining tasks and rewards
Provides stability
Can lose sight of goals, create red tape, and
result in oligarchies
In some instances, rewards incompetence and
expands uncontrollably
18
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 13
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
CHAPTER 4
Social Structure
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Section 3: Types of Societies
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Objectives:
Identify and describe the two major
components of social structure.
Analyze how these two components of social
structure affect human interaction.
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Major Components of Social Structure
Status – a socially defined position in a group
or in a society and has attached to it one or
more roles
Role – the behavior expected of someone
occupying a particular status
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
People’s particular roles and statuses affect
how they relate to one another.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Objectives:
Identify the most common types of social
interaction.
Distinguish between types of interactions that
stabilize social structure and those that can
disrupt it.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
Exchange – interacting in an effort to receive a
reward or a return for one’s actions
Competition – two or more people or groups in
opposition to achieve a goal that only one can attain
Conflict – the deliberate attempt to control a person
by force, to oppose someone else, or to harm another
person
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
(continued)
Cooperation – two or more people or groups working
together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than
one of them
Accommodation – a state of balance between
cooperation and conflict
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Interactions That Stabilize and Disrupt
Competition and Conflict – disrupt social
stability
Accommodation, Exchange, and Cooperation
stabilize social stability
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Objectives:
Identify and describe the types of societies that
exist in the world today.
Explain the roles individuals play in these
models of group systems.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Types of Societies
Preindustrial – food production is the main economic
activity and can be subdivided according to the level
of technology and the method of producing food
Industrial – emphasis shifts from the production of
food to the production of manufactured goods made
possible by changes in production methods
Postindustrial – much of the economy is involved in
providing information and services
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Roles of Individuals
Roles related to:
Leadership
Family
Work
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Objectives:
Summarize the major features of primary and
secondary groups.
Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Primary Groups
Interact over a long period of time on a direct
and personal basis
Entire self of the individual is taken into
account
Relationships are intimate and face-to-face
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Secondary Groups
Interaction is impersonal and temporary in
nature
Involve a reaction to only a part of the
individual’s self
Casual and limited to personal involvement
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Purposes of Groups
Select leaders – people that influence the attitudes
and opinions of others
Define their boundaries – so that members can tell
who belongs and who does not
Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions
Control their members’ behavior – if members violate
groups norms, the group cannot survive long
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Objectives:
Explain how bureaucracies are structured.
Evaluate the effectiveness of bureaucracies.
16
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Weber’s Model
Division of Labor
Ranking of Authority
Employment based on formal qualifications
Rules and regulations
Specific lines of promotion and advancement
17
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Effectiveness of Bureaucracies
Efficient at coordinating large numbers of
people, defining tasks and rewards
Provides stability
Can lose sight of goals, create red tape, and
result in oligarchies
In some instances, rewards incompetence and
expands uncontrollably
18
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 14
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
CHAPTER 4
Social Structure
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Section 3: Types of Societies
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Objectives:
Identify and describe the two major
components of social structure.
Analyze how these two components of social
structure affect human interaction.
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Major Components of Social Structure
Status – a socially defined position in a group
or in a society and has attached to it one or
more roles
Role – the behavior expected of someone
occupying a particular status
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
People’s particular roles and statuses affect
how they relate to one another.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Objectives:
Identify the most common types of social
interaction.
Distinguish between types of interactions that
stabilize social structure and those that can
disrupt it.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
Exchange – interacting in an effort to receive a
reward or a return for one’s actions
Competition – two or more people or groups in
opposition to achieve a goal that only one can attain
Conflict – the deliberate attempt to control a person
by force, to oppose someone else, or to harm another
person
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
(continued)
Cooperation – two or more people or groups working
together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than
one of them
Accommodation – a state of balance between
cooperation and conflict
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Interactions That Stabilize and Disrupt
Competition and Conflict – disrupt social
stability
Accommodation, Exchange, and Cooperation
stabilize social stability
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Objectives:
Identify and describe the types of societies that
exist in the world today.
Explain the roles individuals play in these
models of group systems.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Types of Societies
Preindustrial – food production is the main economic
activity and can be subdivided according to the level
of technology and the method of producing food
Industrial – emphasis shifts from the production of
food to the production of manufactured goods made
possible by changes in production methods
Postindustrial – much of the economy is involved in
providing information and services
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Roles of Individuals
Roles related to:
Leadership
Family
Work
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Objectives:
Summarize the major features of primary and
secondary groups.
Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Primary Groups
Interact over a long period of time on a direct
and personal basis
Entire self of the individual is taken into
account
Relationships are intimate and face-to-face
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Secondary Groups
Interaction is impersonal and temporary in
nature
Involve a reaction to only a part of the
individual’s self
Casual and limited to personal involvement
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Purposes of Groups
Select leaders – people that influence the attitudes
and opinions of others
Define their boundaries – so that members can tell
who belongs and who does not
Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions
Control their members’ behavior – if members violate
groups norms, the group cannot survive long
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Objectives:
Explain how bureaucracies are structured.
Evaluate the effectiveness of bureaucracies.
16
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Weber’s Model
Division of Labor
Ranking of Authority
Employment based on formal qualifications
Rules and regulations
Specific lines of promotion and advancement
17
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Effectiveness of Bureaucracies
Efficient at coordinating large numbers of
people, defining tasks and rewards
Provides stability
Can lose sight of goals, create red tape, and
result in oligarchies
In some instances, rewards incompetence and
expands uncontrollably
18
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 15
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
CHAPTER 4
Social Structure
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Section 3: Types of Societies
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Objectives:
Identify and describe the two major
components of social structure.
Analyze how these two components of social
structure affect human interaction.
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Major Components of Social Structure
Status – a socially defined position in a group
or in a society and has attached to it one or
more roles
Role – the behavior expected of someone
occupying a particular status
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
People’s particular roles and statuses affect
how they relate to one another.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Objectives:
Identify the most common types of social
interaction.
Distinguish between types of interactions that
stabilize social structure and those that can
disrupt it.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
Exchange – interacting in an effort to receive a
reward or a return for one’s actions
Competition – two or more people or groups in
opposition to achieve a goal that only one can attain
Conflict – the deliberate attempt to control a person
by force, to oppose someone else, or to harm another
person
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
(continued)
Cooperation – two or more people or groups working
together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than
one of them
Accommodation – a state of balance between
cooperation and conflict
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Interactions That Stabilize and Disrupt
Competition and Conflict – disrupt social
stability
Accommodation, Exchange, and Cooperation
stabilize social stability
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Objectives:
Identify and describe the types of societies that
exist in the world today.
Explain the roles individuals play in these
models of group systems.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Types of Societies
Preindustrial – food production is the main economic
activity and can be subdivided according to the level
of technology and the method of producing food
Industrial – emphasis shifts from the production of
food to the production of manufactured goods made
possible by changes in production methods
Postindustrial – much of the economy is involved in
providing information and services
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Roles of Individuals
Roles related to:
Leadership
Family
Work
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Objectives:
Summarize the major features of primary and
secondary groups.
Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Primary Groups
Interact over a long period of time on a direct
and personal basis
Entire self of the individual is taken into
account
Relationships are intimate and face-to-face
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Secondary Groups
Interaction is impersonal and temporary in
nature
Involve a reaction to only a part of the
individual’s self
Casual and limited to personal involvement
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Purposes of Groups
Select leaders – people that influence the attitudes
and opinions of others
Define their boundaries – so that members can tell
who belongs and who does not
Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions
Control their members’ behavior – if members violate
groups norms, the group cannot survive long
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Objectives:
Explain how bureaucracies are structured.
Evaluate the effectiveness of bureaucracies.
16
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Weber’s Model
Division of Labor
Ranking of Authority
Employment based on formal qualifications
Rules and regulations
Specific lines of promotion and advancement
17
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Effectiveness of Bureaucracies
Efficient at coordinating large numbers of
people, defining tasks and rewards
Provides stability
Can lose sight of goals, create red tape, and
result in oligarchies
In some instances, rewards incompetence and
expands uncontrollably
18
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 16
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
CHAPTER 4
Social Structure
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Section 3: Types of Societies
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Objectives:
Identify and describe the two major
components of social structure.
Analyze how these two components of social
structure affect human interaction.
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Major Components of Social Structure
Status – a socially defined position in a group
or in a society and has attached to it one or
more roles
Role – the behavior expected of someone
occupying a particular status
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
People’s particular roles and statuses affect
how they relate to one another.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Objectives:
Identify the most common types of social
interaction.
Distinguish between types of interactions that
stabilize social structure and those that can
disrupt it.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
Exchange – interacting in an effort to receive a
reward or a return for one’s actions
Competition – two or more people or groups in
opposition to achieve a goal that only one can attain
Conflict – the deliberate attempt to control a person
by force, to oppose someone else, or to harm another
person
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
(continued)
Cooperation – two or more people or groups working
together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than
one of them
Accommodation – a state of balance between
cooperation and conflict
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Interactions That Stabilize and Disrupt
Competition and Conflict – disrupt social
stability
Accommodation, Exchange, and Cooperation
stabilize social stability
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Objectives:
Identify and describe the types of societies that
exist in the world today.
Explain the roles individuals play in these
models of group systems.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Types of Societies
Preindustrial – food production is the main economic
activity and can be subdivided according to the level
of technology and the method of producing food
Industrial – emphasis shifts from the production of
food to the production of manufactured goods made
possible by changes in production methods
Postindustrial – much of the economy is involved in
providing information and services
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Roles of Individuals
Roles related to:
Leadership
Family
Work
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Objectives:
Summarize the major features of primary and
secondary groups.
Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Primary Groups
Interact over a long period of time on a direct
and personal basis
Entire self of the individual is taken into
account
Relationships are intimate and face-to-face
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Secondary Groups
Interaction is impersonal and temporary in
nature
Involve a reaction to only a part of the
individual’s self
Casual and limited to personal involvement
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Purposes of Groups
Select leaders – people that influence the attitudes
and opinions of others
Define their boundaries – so that members can tell
who belongs and who does not
Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions
Control their members’ behavior – if members violate
groups norms, the group cannot survive long
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Objectives:
Explain how bureaucracies are structured.
Evaluate the effectiveness of bureaucracies.
16
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Weber’s Model
Division of Labor
Ranking of Authority
Employment based on formal qualifications
Rules and regulations
Specific lines of promotion and advancement
17
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Effectiveness of Bureaucracies
Efficient at coordinating large numbers of
people, defining tasks and rewards
Provides stability
Can lose sight of goals, create red tape, and
result in oligarchies
In some instances, rewards incompetence and
expands uncontrollably
18
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 17
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
CHAPTER 4
Social Structure
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Section 3: Types of Societies
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Objectives:
Identify and describe the two major
components of social structure.
Analyze how these two components of social
structure affect human interaction.
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Major Components of Social Structure
Status – a socially defined position in a group
or in a society and has attached to it one or
more roles
Role – the behavior expected of someone
occupying a particular status
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
People’s particular roles and statuses affect
how they relate to one another.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Objectives:
Identify the most common types of social
interaction.
Distinguish between types of interactions that
stabilize social structure and those that can
disrupt it.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
Exchange – interacting in an effort to receive a
reward or a return for one’s actions
Competition – two or more people or groups in
opposition to achieve a goal that only one can attain
Conflict – the deliberate attempt to control a person
by force, to oppose someone else, or to harm another
person
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
(continued)
Cooperation – two or more people or groups working
together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than
one of them
Accommodation – a state of balance between
cooperation and conflict
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Interactions That Stabilize and Disrupt
Competition and Conflict – disrupt social
stability
Accommodation, Exchange, and Cooperation
stabilize social stability
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Objectives:
Identify and describe the types of societies that
exist in the world today.
Explain the roles individuals play in these
models of group systems.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Types of Societies
Preindustrial – food production is the main economic
activity and can be subdivided according to the level
of technology and the method of producing food
Industrial – emphasis shifts from the production of
food to the production of manufactured goods made
possible by changes in production methods
Postindustrial – much of the economy is involved in
providing information and services
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Roles of Individuals
Roles related to:
Leadership
Family
Work
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Objectives:
Summarize the major features of primary and
secondary groups.
Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Primary Groups
Interact over a long period of time on a direct
and personal basis
Entire self of the individual is taken into
account
Relationships are intimate and face-to-face
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Secondary Groups
Interaction is impersonal and temporary in
nature
Involve a reaction to only a part of the
individual’s self
Casual and limited to personal involvement
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Purposes of Groups
Select leaders – people that influence the attitudes
and opinions of others
Define their boundaries – so that members can tell
who belongs and who does not
Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions
Control their members’ behavior – if members violate
groups norms, the group cannot survive long
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Objectives:
Explain how bureaucracies are structured.
Evaluate the effectiveness of bureaucracies.
16
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Weber’s Model
Division of Labor
Ranking of Authority
Employment based on formal qualifications
Rules and regulations
Specific lines of promotion and advancement
17
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Effectiveness of Bureaucracies
Efficient at coordinating large numbers of
people, defining tasks and rewards
Provides stability
Can lose sight of goals, create red tape, and
result in oligarchies
In some instances, rewards incompetence and
expands uncontrollably
18
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 18
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
CHAPTER 4
Social Structure
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Section 3: Types of Societies
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Objectives:
Identify and describe the two major
components of social structure.
Analyze how these two components of social
structure affect human interaction.
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Major Components of Social Structure
Status – a socially defined position in a group
or in a society and has attached to it one or
more roles
Role – the behavior expected of someone
occupying a particular status
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
People’s particular roles and statuses affect
how they relate to one another.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Objectives:
Identify the most common types of social
interaction.
Distinguish between types of interactions that
stabilize social structure and those that can
disrupt it.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
Exchange – interacting in an effort to receive a
reward or a return for one’s actions
Competition – two or more people or groups in
opposition to achieve a goal that only one can attain
Conflict – the deliberate attempt to control a person
by force, to oppose someone else, or to harm another
person
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
(continued)
Cooperation – two or more people or groups working
together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than
one of them
Accommodation – a state of balance between
cooperation and conflict
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Interactions That Stabilize and Disrupt
Competition and Conflict – disrupt social
stability
Accommodation, Exchange, and Cooperation
stabilize social stability
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Objectives:
Identify and describe the types of societies that
exist in the world today.
Explain the roles individuals play in these
models of group systems.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Types of Societies
Preindustrial – food production is the main economic
activity and can be subdivided according to the level
of technology and the method of producing food
Industrial – emphasis shifts from the production of
food to the production of manufactured goods made
possible by changes in production methods
Postindustrial – much of the economy is involved in
providing information and services
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Roles of Individuals
Roles related to:
Leadership
Family
Work
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Objectives:
Summarize the major features of primary and
secondary groups.
Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Primary Groups
Interact over a long period of time on a direct
and personal basis
Entire self of the individual is taken into
account
Relationships are intimate and face-to-face
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Secondary Groups
Interaction is impersonal and temporary in
nature
Involve a reaction to only a part of the
individual’s self
Casual and limited to personal involvement
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Purposes of Groups
Select leaders – people that influence the attitudes
and opinions of others
Define their boundaries – so that members can tell
who belongs and who does not
Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions
Control their members’ behavior – if members violate
groups norms, the group cannot survive long
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Objectives:
Explain how bureaucracies are structured.
Evaluate the effectiveness of bureaucracies.
16
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Weber’s Model
Division of Labor
Ranking of Authority
Employment based on formal qualifications
Rules and regulations
Specific lines of promotion and advancement
17
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Effectiveness of Bureaucracies
Efficient at coordinating large numbers of
people, defining tasks and rewards
Provides stability
Can lose sight of goals, create red tape, and
result in oligarchies
In some instances, rewards incompetence and
expands uncontrollably
18
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
CHAPTER 4
Social Structure
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Section 3: Types of Societies
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Objectives:
Identify and describe the two major
components of social structure.
Analyze how these two components of social
structure affect human interaction.
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Major Components of Social Structure
Status – a socially defined position in a group
or in a society and has attached to it one or
more roles
Role – the behavior expected of someone
occupying a particular status
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
People’s particular roles and statuses affect
how they relate to one another.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Objectives:
Identify the most common types of social
interaction.
Distinguish between types of interactions that
stabilize social structure and those that can
disrupt it.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
Exchange – interacting in an effort to receive a
reward or a return for one’s actions
Competition – two or more people or groups in
opposition to achieve a goal that only one can attain
Conflict – the deliberate attempt to control a person
by force, to oppose someone else, or to harm another
person
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
(continued)
Cooperation – two or more people or groups working
together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than
one of them
Accommodation – a state of balance between
cooperation and conflict
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Interactions That Stabilize and Disrupt
Competition and Conflict – disrupt social
stability
Accommodation, Exchange, and Cooperation
stabilize social stability
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Objectives:
Identify and describe the types of societies that
exist in the world today.
Explain the roles individuals play in these
models of group systems.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Types of Societies
Preindustrial – food production is the main economic
activity and can be subdivided according to the level
of technology and the method of producing food
Industrial – emphasis shifts from the production of
food to the production of manufactured goods made
possible by changes in production methods
Postindustrial – much of the economy is involved in
providing information and services
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Roles of Individuals
Roles related to:
Leadership
Family
Work
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Objectives:
Summarize the major features of primary and
secondary groups.
Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Primary Groups
Interact over a long period of time on a direct
and personal basis
Entire self of the individual is taken into
account
Relationships are intimate and face-to-face
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Secondary Groups
Interaction is impersonal and temporary in
nature
Involve a reaction to only a part of the
individual’s self
Casual and limited to personal involvement
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Purposes of Groups
Select leaders – people that influence the attitudes
and opinions of others
Define their boundaries – so that members can tell
who belongs and who does not
Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions
Control their members’ behavior – if members violate
groups norms, the group cannot survive long
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Objectives:
Explain how bureaucracies are structured.
Evaluate the effectiveness of bureaucracies.
16
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Weber’s Model
Division of Labor
Ranking of Authority
Employment based on formal qualifications
Rules and regulations
Specific lines of promotion and advancement
17
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Effectiveness of Bureaucracies
Efficient at coordinating large numbers of
people, defining tasks and rewards
Provides stability
Can lose sight of goals, create red tape, and
result in oligarchies
In some instances, rewards incompetence and
expands uncontrollably
18
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 2
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
CHAPTER 4
Social Structure
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Section 3: Types of Societies
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Objectives:
Identify and describe the two major
components of social structure.
Analyze how these two components of social
structure affect human interaction.
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Major Components of Social Structure
Status – a socially defined position in a group
or in a society and has attached to it one or
more roles
Role – the behavior expected of someone
occupying a particular status
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
People’s particular roles and statuses affect
how they relate to one another.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Objectives:
Identify the most common types of social
interaction.
Distinguish between types of interactions that
stabilize social structure and those that can
disrupt it.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
Exchange – interacting in an effort to receive a
reward or a return for one’s actions
Competition – two or more people or groups in
opposition to achieve a goal that only one can attain
Conflict – the deliberate attempt to control a person
by force, to oppose someone else, or to harm another
person
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
(continued)
Cooperation – two or more people or groups working
together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than
one of them
Accommodation – a state of balance between
cooperation and conflict
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Interactions That Stabilize and Disrupt
Competition and Conflict – disrupt social
stability
Accommodation, Exchange, and Cooperation
stabilize social stability
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Objectives:
Identify and describe the types of societies that
exist in the world today.
Explain the roles individuals play in these
models of group systems.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Types of Societies
Preindustrial – food production is the main economic
activity and can be subdivided according to the level
of technology and the method of producing food
Industrial – emphasis shifts from the production of
food to the production of manufactured goods made
possible by changes in production methods
Postindustrial – much of the economy is involved in
providing information and services
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Roles of Individuals
Roles related to:
Leadership
Family
Work
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Objectives:
Summarize the major features of primary and
secondary groups.
Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Primary Groups
Interact over a long period of time on a direct
and personal basis
Entire self of the individual is taken into
account
Relationships are intimate and face-to-face
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Secondary Groups
Interaction is impersonal and temporary in
nature
Involve a reaction to only a part of the
individual’s self
Casual and limited to personal involvement
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Purposes of Groups
Select leaders – people that influence the attitudes
and opinions of others
Define their boundaries – so that members can tell
who belongs and who does not
Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions
Control their members’ behavior – if members violate
groups norms, the group cannot survive long
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Objectives:
Explain how bureaucracies are structured.
Evaluate the effectiveness of bureaucracies.
16
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Weber’s Model
Division of Labor
Ranking of Authority
Employment based on formal qualifications
Rules and regulations
Specific lines of promotion and advancement
17
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Effectiveness of Bureaucracies
Efficient at coordinating large numbers of
people, defining tasks and rewards
Provides stability
Can lose sight of goals, create red tape, and
result in oligarchies
In some instances, rewards incompetence and
expands uncontrollably
18
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 3
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
CHAPTER 4
Social Structure
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Section 3: Types of Societies
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Objectives:
Identify and describe the two major
components of social structure.
Analyze how these two components of social
structure affect human interaction.
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Major Components of Social Structure
Status – a socially defined position in a group
or in a society and has attached to it one or
more roles
Role – the behavior expected of someone
occupying a particular status
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
People’s particular roles and statuses affect
how they relate to one another.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Objectives:
Identify the most common types of social
interaction.
Distinguish between types of interactions that
stabilize social structure and those that can
disrupt it.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
Exchange – interacting in an effort to receive a
reward or a return for one’s actions
Competition – two or more people or groups in
opposition to achieve a goal that only one can attain
Conflict – the deliberate attempt to control a person
by force, to oppose someone else, or to harm another
person
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
(continued)
Cooperation – two or more people or groups working
together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than
one of them
Accommodation – a state of balance between
cooperation and conflict
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Interactions That Stabilize and Disrupt
Competition and Conflict – disrupt social
stability
Accommodation, Exchange, and Cooperation
stabilize social stability
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Objectives:
Identify and describe the types of societies that
exist in the world today.
Explain the roles individuals play in these
models of group systems.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Types of Societies
Preindustrial – food production is the main economic
activity and can be subdivided according to the level
of technology and the method of producing food
Industrial – emphasis shifts from the production of
food to the production of manufactured goods made
possible by changes in production methods
Postindustrial – much of the economy is involved in
providing information and services
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Roles of Individuals
Roles related to:
Leadership
Family
Work
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Objectives:
Summarize the major features of primary and
secondary groups.
Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Primary Groups
Interact over a long period of time on a direct
and personal basis
Entire self of the individual is taken into
account
Relationships are intimate and face-to-face
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Secondary Groups
Interaction is impersonal and temporary in
nature
Involve a reaction to only a part of the
individual’s self
Casual and limited to personal involvement
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Purposes of Groups
Select leaders – people that influence the attitudes
and opinions of others
Define their boundaries – so that members can tell
who belongs and who does not
Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions
Control their members’ behavior – if members violate
groups norms, the group cannot survive long
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Objectives:
Explain how bureaucracies are structured.
Evaluate the effectiveness of bureaucracies.
16
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Weber’s Model
Division of Labor
Ranking of Authority
Employment based on formal qualifications
Rules and regulations
Specific lines of promotion and advancement
17
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Effectiveness of Bureaucracies
Efficient at coordinating large numbers of
people, defining tasks and rewards
Provides stability
Can lose sight of goals, create red tape, and
result in oligarchies
In some instances, rewards incompetence and
expands uncontrollably
18
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 4
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
CHAPTER 4
Social Structure
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Section 3: Types of Societies
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Objectives:
Identify and describe the two major
components of social structure.
Analyze how these two components of social
structure affect human interaction.
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Major Components of Social Structure
Status – a socially defined position in a group
or in a society and has attached to it one or
more roles
Role – the behavior expected of someone
occupying a particular status
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
People’s particular roles and statuses affect
how they relate to one another.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Objectives:
Identify the most common types of social
interaction.
Distinguish between types of interactions that
stabilize social structure and those that can
disrupt it.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
Exchange – interacting in an effort to receive a
reward or a return for one’s actions
Competition – two or more people or groups in
opposition to achieve a goal that only one can attain
Conflict – the deliberate attempt to control a person
by force, to oppose someone else, or to harm another
person
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
(continued)
Cooperation – two or more people or groups working
together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than
one of them
Accommodation – a state of balance between
cooperation and conflict
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Interactions That Stabilize and Disrupt
Competition and Conflict – disrupt social
stability
Accommodation, Exchange, and Cooperation
stabilize social stability
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Objectives:
Identify and describe the types of societies that
exist in the world today.
Explain the roles individuals play in these
models of group systems.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Types of Societies
Preindustrial – food production is the main economic
activity and can be subdivided according to the level
of technology and the method of producing food
Industrial – emphasis shifts from the production of
food to the production of manufactured goods made
possible by changes in production methods
Postindustrial – much of the economy is involved in
providing information and services
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Roles of Individuals
Roles related to:
Leadership
Family
Work
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Objectives:
Summarize the major features of primary and
secondary groups.
Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Primary Groups
Interact over a long period of time on a direct
and personal basis
Entire self of the individual is taken into
account
Relationships are intimate and face-to-face
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Secondary Groups
Interaction is impersonal and temporary in
nature
Involve a reaction to only a part of the
individual’s self
Casual and limited to personal involvement
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Purposes of Groups
Select leaders – people that influence the attitudes
and opinions of others
Define their boundaries – so that members can tell
who belongs and who does not
Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions
Control their members’ behavior – if members violate
groups norms, the group cannot survive long
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Objectives:
Explain how bureaucracies are structured.
Evaluate the effectiveness of bureaucracies.
16
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Weber’s Model
Division of Labor
Ranking of Authority
Employment based on formal qualifications
Rules and regulations
Specific lines of promotion and advancement
17
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Effectiveness of Bureaucracies
Efficient at coordinating large numbers of
people, defining tasks and rewards
Provides stability
Can lose sight of goals, create red tape, and
result in oligarchies
In some instances, rewards incompetence and
expands uncontrollably
18
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 5
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
CHAPTER 4
Social Structure
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Section 3: Types of Societies
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Objectives:
Identify and describe the two major
components of social structure.
Analyze how these two components of social
structure affect human interaction.
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Major Components of Social Structure
Status – a socially defined position in a group
or in a society and has attached to it one or
more roles
Role – the behavior expected of someone
occupying a particular status
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
People’s particular roles and statuses affect
how they relate to one another.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Objectives:
Identify the most common types of social
interaction.
Distinguish between types of interactions that
stabilize social structure and those that can
disrupt it.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
Exchange – interacting in an effort to receive a
reward or a return for one’s actions
Competition – two or more people or groups in
opposition to achieve a goal that only one can attain
Conflict – the deliberate attempt to control a person
by force, to oppose someone else, or to harm another
person
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
(continued)
Cooperation – two or more people or groups working
together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than
one of them
Accommodation – a state of balance between
cooperation and conflict
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Interactions That Stabilize and Disrupt
Competition and Conflict – disrupt social
stability
Accommodation, Exchange, and Cooperation
stabilize social stability
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Objectives:
Identify and describe the types of societies that
exist in the world today.
Explain the roles individuals play in these
models of group systems.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Types of Societies
Preindustrial – food production is the main economic
activity and can be subdivided according to the level
of technology and the method of producing food
Industrial – emphasis shifts from the production of
food to the production of manufactured goods made
possible by changes in production methods
Postindustrial – much of the economy is involved in
providing information and services
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Roles of Individuals
Roles related to:
Leadership
Family
Work
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Objectives:
Summarize the major features of primary and
secondary groups.
Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Primary Groups
Interact over a long period of time on a direct
and personal basis
Entire self of the individual is taken into
account
Relationships are intimate and face-to-face
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Secondary Groups
Interaction is impersonal and temporary in
nature
Involve a reaction to only a part of the
individual’s self
Casual and limited to personal involvement
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Purposes of Groups
Select leaders – people that influence the attitudes
and opinions of others
Define their boundaries – so that members can tell
who belongs and who does not
Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions
Control their members’ behavior – if members violate
groups norms, the group cannot survive long
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Objectives:
Explain how bureaucracies are structured.
Evaluate the effectiveness of bureaucracies.
16
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Weber’s Model
Division of Labor
Ranking of Authority
Employment based on formal qualifications
Rules and regulations
Specific lines of promotion and advancement
17
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Effectiveness of Bureaucracies
Efficient at coordinating large numbers of
people, defining tasks and rewards
Provides stability
Can lose sight of goals, create red tape, and
result in oligarchies
In some instances, rewards incompetence and
expands uncontrollably
18
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 6
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
CHAPTER 4
Social Structure
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Section 3: Types of Societies
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Objectives:
Identify and describe the two major
components of social structure.
Analyze how these two components of social
structure affect human interaction.
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Major Components of Social Structure
Status – a socially defined position in a group
or in a society and has attached to it one or
more roles
Role – the behavior expected of someone
occupying a particular status
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
People’s particular roles and statuses affect
how they relate to one another.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Objectives:
Identify the most common types of social
interaction.
Distinguish between types of interactions that
stabilize social structure and those that can
disrupt it.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
Exchange – interacting in an effort to receive a
reward or a return for one’s actions
Competition – two or more people or groups in
opposition to achieve a goal that only one can attain
Conflict – the deliberate attempt to control a person
by force, to oppose someone else, or to harm another
person
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
(continued)
Cooperation – two or more people or groups working
together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than
one of them
Accommodation – a state of balance between
cooperation and conflict
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Interactions That Stabilize and Disrupt
Competition and Conflict – disrupt social
stability
Accommodation, Exchange, and Cooperation
stabilize social stability
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Objectives:
Identify and describe the types of societies that
exist in the world today.
Explain the roles individuals play in these
models of group systems.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Types of Societies
Preindustrial – food production is the main economic
activity and can be subdivided according to the level
of technology and the method of producing food
Industrial – emphasis shifts from the production of
food to the production of manufactured goods made
possible by changes in production methods
Postindustrial – much of the economy is involved in
providing information and services
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Roles of Individuals
Roles related to:
Leadership
Family
Work
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Objectives:
Summarize the major features of primary and
secondary groups.
Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Primary Groups
Interact over a long period of time on a direct
and personal basis
Entire self of the individual is taken into
account
Relationships are intimate and face-to-face
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Secondary Groups
Interaction is impersonal and temporary in
nature
Involve a reaction to only a part of the
individual’s self
Casual and limited to personal involvement
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Purposes of Groups
Select leaders – people that influence the attitudes
and opinions of others
Define their boundaries – so that members can tell
who belongs and who does not
Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions
Control their members’ behavior – if members violate
groups norms, the group cannot survive long
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Objectives:
Explain how bureaucracies are structured.
Evaluate the effectiveness of bureaucracies.
16
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Weber’s Model
Division of Labor
Ranking of Authority
Employment based on formal qualifications
Rules and regulations
Specific lines of promotion and advancement
17
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Effectiveness of Bureaucracies
Efficient at coordinating large numbers of
people, defining tasks and rewards
Provides stability
Can lose sight of goals, create red tape, and
result in oligarchies
In some instances, rewards incompetence and
expands uncontrollably
18
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 7
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
CHAPTER 4
Social Structure
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Section 3: Types of Societies
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Objectives:
Identify and describe the two major
components of social structure.
Analyze how these two components of social
structure affect human interaction.
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Major Components of Social Structure
Status – a socially defined position in a group
or in a society and has attached to it one or
more roles
Role – the behavior expected of someone
occupying a particular status
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
People’s particular roles and statuses affect
how they relate to one another.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Objectives:
Identify the most common types of social
interaction.
Distinguish between types of interactions that
stabilize social structure and those that can
disrupt it.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
Exchange – interacting in an effort to receive a
reward or a return for one’s actions
Competition – two or more people or groups in
opposition to achieve a goal that only one can attain
Conflict – the deliberate attempt to control a person
by force, to oppose someone else, or to harm another
person
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
(continued)
Cooperation – two or more people or groups working
together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than
one of them
Accommodation – a state of balance between
cooperation and conflict
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Interactions That Stabilize and Disrupt
Competition and Conflict – disrupt social
stability
Accommodation, Exchange, and Cooperation
stabilize social stability
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Objectives:
Identify and describe the types of societies that
exist in the world today.
Explain the roles individuals play in these
models of group systems.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Types of Societies
Preindustrial – food production is the main economic
activity and can be subdivided according to the level
of technology and the method of producing food
Industrial – emphasis shifts from the production of
food to the production of manufactured goods made
possible by changes in production methods
Postindustrial – much of the economy is involved in
providing information and services
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Roles of Individuals
Roles related to:
Leadership
Family
Work
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Objectives:
Summarize the major features of primary and
secondary groups.
Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Primary Groups
Interact over a long period of time on a direct
and personal basis
Entire self of the individual is taken into
account
Relationships are intimate and face-to-face
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Secondary Groups
Interaction is impersonal and temporary in
nature
Involve a reaction to only a part of the
individual’s self
Casual and limited to personal involvement
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Purposes of Groups
Select leaders – people that influence the attitudes
and opinions of others
Define their boundaries – so that members can tell
who belongs and who does not
Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions
Control their members’ behavior – if members violate
groups norms, the group cannot survive long
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Objectives:
Explain how bureaucracies are structured.
Evaluate the effectiveness of bureaucracies.
16
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Weber’s Model
Division of Labor
Ranking of Authority
Employment based on formal qualifications
Rules and regulations
Specific lines of promotion and advancement
17
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Effectiveness of Bureaucracies
Efficient at coordinating large numbers of
people, defining tasks and rewards
Provides stability
Can lose sight of goals, create red tape, and
result in oligarchies
In some instances, rewards incompetence and
expands uncontrollably
18
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 8
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
CHAPTER 4
Social Structure
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Section 3: Types of Societies
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Objectives:
Identify and describe the two major
components of social structure.
Analyze how these two components of social
structure affect human interaction.
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Major Components of Social Structure
Status – a socially defined position in a group
or in a society and has attached to it one or
more roles
Role – the behavior expected of someone
occupying a particular status
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
People’s particular roles and statuses affect
how they relate to one another.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Objectives:
Identify the most common types of social
interaction.
Distinguish between types of interactions that
stabilize social structure and those that can
disrupt it.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
Exchange – interacting in an effort to receive a
reward or a return for one’s actions
Competition – two or more people or groups in
opposition to achieve a goal that only one can attain
Conflict – the deliberate attempt to control a person
by force, to oppose someone else, or to harm another
person
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
(continued)
Cooperation – two or more people or groups working
together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than
one of them
Accommodation – a state of balance between
cooperation and conflict
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Interactions That Stabilize and Disrupt
Competition and Conflict – disrupt social
stability
Accommodation, Exchange, and Cooperation
stabilize social stability
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Objectives:
Identify and describe the types of societies that
exist in the world today.
Explain the roles individuals play in these
models of group systems.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Types of Societies
Preindustrial – food production is the main economic
activity and can be subdivided according to the level
of technology and the method of producing food
Industrial – emphasis shifts from the production of
food to the production of manufactured goods made
possible by changes in production methods
Postindustrial – much of the economy is involved in
providing information and services
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Roles of Individuals
Roles related to:
Leadership
Family
Work
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Objectives:
Summarize the major features of primary and
secondary groups.
Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Primary Groups
Interact over a long period of time on a direct
and personal basis
Entire self of the individual is taken into
account
Relationships are intimate and face-to-face
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Secondary Groups
Interaction is impersonal and temporary in
nature
Involve a reaction to only a part of the
individual’s self
Casual and limited to personal involvement
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Purposes of Groups
Select leaders – people that influence the attitudes
and opinions of others
Define their boundaries – so that members can tell
who belongs and who does not
Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions
Control their members’ behavior – if members violate
groups norms, the group cannot survive long
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Objectives:
Explain how bureaucracies are structured.
Evaluate the effectiveness of bureaucracies.
16
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Weber’s Model
Division of Labor
Ranking of Authority
Employment based on formal qualifications
Rules and regulations
Specific lines of promotion and advancement
17
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Effectiveness of Bureaucracies
Efficient at coordinating large numbers of
people, defining tasks and rewards
Provides stability
Can lose sight of goals, create red tape, and
result in oligarchies
In some instances, rewards incompetence and
expands uncontrollably
18
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 9
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
CHAPTER 4
Social Structure
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Section 3: Types of Societies
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Objectives:
Identify and describe the two major
components of social structure.
Analyze how these two components of social
structure affect human interaction.
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Major Components of Social Structure
Status – a socially defined position in a group
or in a society and has attached to it one or
more roles
Role – the behavior expected of someone
occupying a particular status
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
People’s particular roles and statuses affect
how they relate to one another.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Objectives:
Identify the most common types of social
interaction.
Distinguish between types of interactions that
stabilize social structure and those that can
disrupt it.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
Exchange – interacting in an effort to receive a
reward or a return for one’s actions
Competition – two or more people or groups in
opposition to achieve a goal that only one can attain
Conflict – the deliberate attempt to control a person
by force, to oppose someone else, or to harm another
person
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
(continued)
Cooperation – two or more people or groups working
together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than
one of them
Accommodation – a state of balance between
cooperation and conflict
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Interactions That Stabilize and Disrupt
Competition and Conflict – disrupt social
stability
Accommodation, Exchange, and Cooperation
stabilize social stability
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Objectives:
Identify and describe the types of societies that
exist in the world today.
Explain the roles individuals play in these
models of group systems.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Types of Societies
Preindustrial – food production is the main economic
activity and can be subdivided according to the level
of technology and the method of producing food
Industrial – emphasis shifts from the production of
food to the production of manufactured goods made
possible by changes in production methods
Postindustrial – much of the economy is involved in
providing information and services
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Roles of Individuals
Roles related to:
Leadership
Family
Work
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Objectives:
Summarize the major features of primary and
secondary groups.
Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Primary Groups
Interact over a long period of time on a direct
and personal basis
Entire self of the individual is taken into
account
Relationships are intimate and face-to-face
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Secondary Groups
Interaction is impersonal and temporary in
nature
Involve a reaction to only a part of the
individual’s self
Casual and limited to personal involvement
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Purposes of Groups
Select leaders – people that influence the attitudes
and opinions of others
Define their boundaries – so that members can tell
who belongs and who does not
Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions
Control their members’ behavior – if members violate
groups norms, the group cannot survive long
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Objectives:
Explain how bureaucracies are structured.
Evaluate the effectiveness of bureaucracies.
16
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Weber’s Model
Division of Labor
Ranking of Authority
Employment based on formal qualifications
Rules and regulations
Specific lines of promotion and advancement
17
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Effectiveness of Bureaucracies
Efficient at coordinating large numbers of
people, defining tasks and rewards
Provides stability
Can lose sight of goals, create red tape, and
result in oligarchies
In some instances, rewards incompetence and
expands uncontrollably
18
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 10
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
CHAPTER 4
Social Structure
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Section 3: Types of Societies
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Objectives:
Identify and describe the two major
components of social structure.
Analyze how these two components of social
structure affect human interaction.
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Major Components of Social Structure
Status – a socially defined position in a group
or in a society and has attached to it one or
more roles
Role – the behavior expected of someone
occupying a particular status
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
People’s particular roles and statuses affect
how they relate to one another.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Objectives:
Identify the most common types of social
interaction.
Distinguish between types of interactions that
stabilize social structure and those that can
disrupt it.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
Exchange – interacting in an effort to receive a
reward or a return for one’s actions
Competition – two or more people or groups in
opposition to achieve a goal that only one can attain
Conflict – the deliberate attempt to control a person
by force, to oppose someone else, or to harm another
person
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
(continued)
Cooperation – two or more people or groups working
together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than
one of them
Accommodation – a state of balance between
cooperation and conflict
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Interactions That Stabilize and Disrupt
Competition and Conflict – disrupt social
stability
Accommodation, Exchange, and Cooperation
stabilize social stability
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Objectives:
Identify and describe the types of societies that
exist in the world today.
Explain the roles individuals play in these
models of group systems.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Types of Societies
Preindustrial – food production is the main economic
activity and can be subdivided according to the level
of technology and the method of producing food
Industrial – emphasis shifts from the production of
food to the production of manufactured goods made
possible by changes in production methods
Postindustrial – much of the economy is involved in
providing information and services
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Roles of Individuals
Roles related to:
Leadership
Family
Work
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Objectives:
Summarize the major features of primary and
secondary groups.
Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Primary Groups
Interact over a long period of time on a direct
and personal basis
Entire self of the individual is taken into
account
Relationships are intimate and face-to-face
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Secondary Groups
Interaction is impersonal and temporary in
nature
Involve a reaction to only a part of the
individual’s self
Casual and limited to personal involvement
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Purposes of Groups
Select leaders – people that influence the attitudes
and opinions of others
Define their boundaries – so that members can tell
who belongs and who does not
Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions
Control their members’ behavior – if members violate
groups norms, the group cannot survive long
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Objectives:
Explain how bureaucracies are structured.
Evaluate the effectiveness of bureaucracies.
16
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Weber’s Model
Division of Labor
Ranking of Authority
Employment based on formal qualifications
Rules and regulations
Specific lines of promotion and advancement
17
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Effectiveness of Bureaucracies
Efficient at coordinating large numbers of
people, defining tasks and rewards
Provides stability
Can lose sight of goals, create red tape, and
result in oligarchies
In some instances, rewards incompetence and
expands uncontrollably
18
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 11
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
CHAPTER 4
Social Structure
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Section 3: Types of Societies
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Objectives:
Identify and describe the two major
components of social structure.
Analyze how these two components of social
structure affect human interaction.
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Major Components of Social Structure
Status – a socially defined position in a group
or in a society and has attached to it one or
more roles
Role – the behavior expected of someone
occupying a particular status
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
People’s particular roles and statuses affect
how they relate to one another.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Objectives:
Identify the most common types of social
interaction.
Distinguish between types of interactions that
stabilize social structure and those that can
disrupt it.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
Exchange – interacting in an effort to receive a
reward or a return for one’s actions
Competition – two or more people or groups in
opposition to achieve a goal that only one can attain
Conflict – the deliberate attempt to control a person
by force, to oppose someone else, or to harm another
person
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
(continued)
Cooperation – two or more people or groups working
together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than
one of them
Accommodation – a state of balance between
cooperation and conflict
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Interactions That Stabilize and Disrupt
Competition and Conflict – disrupt social
stability
Accommodation, Exchange, and Cooperation
stabilize social stability
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Objectives:
Identify and describe the types of societies that
exist in the world today.
Explain the roles individuals play in these
models of group systems.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Types of Societies
Preindustrial – food production is the main economic
activity and can be subdivided according to the level
of technology and the method of producing food
Industrial – emphasis shifts from the production of
food to the production of manufactured goods made
possible by changes in production methods
Postindustrial – much of the economy is involved in
providing information and services
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Roles of Individuals
Roles related to:
Leadership
Family
Work
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Objectives:
Summarize the major features of primary and
secondary groups.
Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Primary Groups
Interact over a long period of time on a direct
and personal basis
Entire self of the individual is taken into
account
Relationships are intimate and face-to-face
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Secondary Groups
Interaction is impersonal and temporary in
nature
Involve a reaction to only a part of the
individual’s self
Casual and limited to personal involvement
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Purposes of Groups
Select leaders – people that influence the attitudes
and opinions of others
Define their boundaries – so that members can tell
who belongs and who does not
Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions
Control their members’ behavior – if members violate
groups norms, the group cannot survive long
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Objectives:
Explain how bureaucracies are structured.
Evaluate the effectiveness of bureaucracies.
16
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Weber’s Model
Division of Labor
Ranking of Authority
Employment based on formal qualifications
Rules and regulations
Specific lines of promotion and advancement
17
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Effectiveness of Bureaucracies
Efficient at coordinating large numbers of
people, defining tasks and rewards
Provides stability
Can lose sight of goals, create red tape, and
result in oligarchies
In some instances, rewards incompetence and
expands uncontrollably
18
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 12
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
CHAPTER 4
Social Structure
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Section 3: Types of Societies
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Objectives:
Identify and describe the two major
components of social structure.
Analyze how these two components of social
structure affect human interaction.
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Major Components of Social Structure
Status – a socially defined position in a group
or in a society and has attached to it one or
more roles
Role – the behavior expected of someone
occupying a particular status
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
People’s particular roles and statuses affect
how they relate to one another.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Objectives:
Identify the most common types of social
interaction.
Distinguish between types of interactions that
stabilize social structure and those that can
disrupt it.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
Exchange – interacting in an effort to receive a
reward or a return for one’s actions
Competition – two or more people or groups in
opposition to achieve a goal that only one can attain
Conflict – the deliberate attempt to control a person
by force, to oppose someone else, or to harm another
person
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
(continued)
Cooperation – two or more people or groups working
together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than
one of them
Accommodation – a state of balance between
cooperation and conflict
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Interactions That Stabilize and Disrupt
Competition and Conflict – disrupt social
stability
Accommodation, Exchange, and Cooperation
stabilize social stability
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Objectives:
Identify and describe the types of societies that
exist in the world today.
Explain the roles individuals play in these
models of group systems.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Types of Societies
Preindustrial – food production is the main economic
activity and can be subdivided according to the level
of technology and the method of producing food
Industrial – emphasis shifts from the production of
food to the production of manufactured goods made
possible by changes in production methods
Postindustrial – much of the economy is involved in
providing information and services
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Roles of Individuals
Roles related to:
Leadership
Family
Work
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Objectives:
Summarize the major features of primary and
secondary groups.
Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Primary Groups
Interact over a long period of time on a direct
and personal basis
Entire self of the individual is taken into
account
Relationships are intimate and face-to-face
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Secondary Groups
Interaction is impersonal and temporary in
nature
Involve a reaction to only a part of the
individual’s self
Casual and limited to personal involvement
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Purposes of Groups
Select leaders – people that influence the attitudes
and opinions of others
Define their boundaries – so that members can tell
who belongs and who does not
Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions
Control their members’ behavior – if members violate
groups norms, the group cannot survive long
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Objectives:
Explain how bureaucracies are structured.
Evaluate the effectiveness of bureaucracies.
16
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Weber’s Model
Division of Labor
Ranking of Authority
Employment based on formal qualifications
Rules and regulations
Specific lines of promotion and advancement
17
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Effectiveness of Bureaucracies
Efficient at coordinating large numbers of
people, defining tasks and rewards
Provides stability
Can lose sight of goals, create red tape, and
result in oligarchies
In some instances, rewards incompetence and
expands uncontrollably
18
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 13
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
CHAPTER 4
Social Structure
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Section 3: Types of Societies
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Objectives:
Identify and describe the two major
components of social structure.
Analyze how these two components of social
structure affect human interaction.
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Major Components of Social Structure
Status – a socially defined position in a group
or in a society and has attached to it one or
more roles
Role – the behavior expected of someone
occupying a particular status
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
People’s particular roles and statuses affect
how they relate to one another.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Objectives:
Identify the most common types of social
interaction.
Distinguish between types of interactions that
stabilize social structure and those that can
disrupt it.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
Exchange – interacting in an effort to receive a
reward or a return for one’s actions
Competition – two or more people or groups in
opposition to achieve a goal that only one can attain
Conflict – the deliberate attempt to control a person
by force, to oppose someone else, or to harm another
person
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
(continued)
Cooperation – two or more people or groups working
together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than
one of them
Accommodation – a state of balance between
cooperation and conflict
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Interactions That Stabilize and Disrupt
Competition and Conflict – disrupt social
stability
Accommodation, Exchange, and Cooperation
stabilize social stability
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Objectives:
Identify and describe the types of societies that
exist in the world today.
Explain the roles individuals play in these
models of group systems.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Types of Societies
Preindustrial – food production is the main economic
activity and can be subdivided according to the level
of technology and the method of producing food
Industrial – emphasis shifts from the production of
food to the production of manufactured goods made
possible by changes in production methods
Postindustrial – much of the economy is involved in
providing information and services
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Roles of Individuals
Roles related to:
Leadership
Family
Work
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Objectives:
Summarize the major features of primary and
secondary groups.
Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Primary Groups
Interact over a long period of time on a direct
and personal basis
Entire self of the individual is taken into
account
Relationships are intimate and face-to-face
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Secondary Groups
Interaction is impersonal and temporary in
nature
Involve a reaction to only a part of the
individual’s self
Casual and limited to personal involvement
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Purposes of Groups
Select leaders – people that influence the attitudes
and opinions of others
Define their boundaries – so that members can tell
who belongs and who does not
Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions
Control their members’ behavior – if members violate
groups norms, the group cannot survive long
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Objectives:
Explain how bureaucracies are structured.
Evaluate the effectiveness of bureaucracies.
16
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Weber’s Model
Division of Labor
Ranking of Authority
Employment based on formal qualifications
Rules and regulations
Specific lines of promotion and advancement
17
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Effectiveness of Bureaucracies
Efficient at coordinating large numbers of
people, defining tasks and rewards
Provides stability
Can lose sight of goals, create red tape, and
result in oligarchies
In some instances, rewards incompetence and
expands uncontrollably
18
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 14
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
CHAPTER 4
Social Structure
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Section 3: Types of Societies
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Objectives:
Identify and describe the two major
components of social structure.
Analyze how these two components of social
structure affect human interaction.
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Major Components of Social Structure
Status – a socially defined position in a group
or in a society and has attached to it one or
more roles
Role – the behavior expected of someone
occupying a particular status
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
People’s particular roles and statuses affect
how they relate to one another.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Objectives:
Identify the most common types of social
interaction.
Distinguish between types of interactions that
stabilize social structure and those that can
disrupt it.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
Exchange – interacting in an effort to receive a
reward or a return for one’s actions
Competition – two or more people or groups in
opposition to achieve a goal that only one can attain
Conflict – the deliberate attempt to control a person
by force, to oppose someone else, or to harm another
person
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
(continued)
Cooperation – two or more people or groups working
together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than
one of them
Accommodation – a state of balance between
cooperation and conflict
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Interactions That Stabilize and Disrupt
Competition and Conflict – disrupt social
stability
Accommodation, Exchange, and Cooperation
stabilize social stability
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Objectives:
Identify and describe the types of societies that
exist in the world today.
Explain the roles individuals play in these
models of group systems.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Types of Societies
Preindustrial – food production is the main economic
activity and can be subdivided according to the level
of technology and the method of producing food
Industrial – emphasis shifts from the production of
food to the production of manufactured goods made
possible by changes in production methods
Postindustrial – much of the economy is involved in
providing information and services
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Roles of Individuals
Roles related to:
Leadership
Family
Work
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Objectives:
Summarize the major features of primary and
secondary groups.
Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Primary Groups
Interact over a long period of time on a direct
and personal basis
Entire self of the individual is taken into
account
Relationships are intimate and face-to-face
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Secondary Groups
Interaction is impersonal and temporary in
nature
Involve a reaction to only a part of the
individual’s self
Casual and limited to personal involvement
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Purposes of Groups
Select leaders – people that influence the attitudes
and opinions of others
Define their boundaries – so that members can tell
who belongs and who does not
Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions
Control their members’ behavior – if members violate
groups norms, the group cannot survive long
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Objectives:
Explain how bureaucracies are structured.
Evaluate the effectiveness of bureaucracies.
16
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Weber’s Model
Division of Labor
Ranking of Authority
Employment based on formal qualifications
Rules and regulations
Specific lines of promotion and advancement
17
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Effectiveness of Bureaucracies
Efficient at coordinating large numbers of
people, defining tasks and rewards
Provides stability
Can lose sight of goals, create red tape, and
result in oligarchies
In some instances, rewards incompetence and
expands uncontrollably
18
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 15
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
CHAPTER 4
Social Structure
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Section 3: Types of Societies
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Objectives:
Identify and describe the two major
components of social structure.
Analyze how these two components of social
structure affect human interaction.
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Major Components of Social Structure
Status – a socially defined position in a group
or in a society and has attached to it one or
more roles
Role – the behavior expected of someone
occupying a particular status
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
People’s particular roles and statuses affect
how they relate to one another.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Objectives:
Identify the most common types of social
interaction.
Distinguish between types of interactions that
stabilize social structure and those that can
disrupt it.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
Exchange – interacting in an effort to receive a
reward or a return for one’s actions
Competition – two or more people or groups in
opposition to achieve a goal that only one can attain
Conflict – the deliberate attempt to control a person
by force, to oppose someone else, or to harm another
person
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
(continued)
Cooperation – two or more people or groups working
together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than
one of them
Accommodation – a state of balance between
cooperation and conflict
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Interactions That Stabilize and Disrupt
Competition and Conflict – disrupt social
stability
Accommodation, Exchange, and Cooperation
stabilize social stability
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Objectives:
Identify and describe the types of societies that
exist in the world today.
Explain the roles individuals play in these
models of group systems.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Types of Societies
Preindustrial – food production is the main economic
activity and can be subdivided according to the level
of technology and the method of producing food
Industrial – emphasis shifts from the production of
food to the production of manufactured goods made
possible by changes in production methods
Postindustrial – much of the economy is involved in
providing information and services
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Roles of Individuals
Roles related to:
Leadership
Family
Work
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Objectives:
Summarize the major features of primary and
secondary groups.
Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Primary Groups
Interact over a long period of time on a direct
and personal basis
Entire self of the individual is taken into
account
Relationships are intimate and face-to-face
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Secondary Groups
Interaction is impersonal and temporary in
nature
Involve a reaction to only a part of the
individual’s self
Casual and limited to personal involvement
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Purposes of Groups
Select leaders – people that influence the attitudes
and opinions of others
Define their boundaries – so that members can tell
who belongs and who does not
Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions
Control their members’ behavior – if members violate
groups norms, the group cannot survive long
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Objectives:
Explain how bureaucracies are structured.
Evaluate the effectiveness of bureaucracies.
16
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Weber’s Model
Division of Labor
Ranking of Authority
Employment based on formal qualifications
Rules and regulations
Specific lines of promotion and advancement
17
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Effectiveness of Bureaucracies
Efficient at coordinating large numbers of
people, defining tasks and rewards
Provides stability
Can lose sight of goals, create red tape, and
result in oligarchies
In some instances, rewards incompetence and
expands uncontrollably
18
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 16
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
CHAPTER 4
Social Structure
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Section 3: Types of Societies
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Objectives:
Identify and describe the two major
components of social structure.
Analyze how these two components of social
structure affect human interaction.
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Major Components of Social Structure
Status – a socially defined position in a group
or in a society and has attached to it one or
more roles
Role – the behavior expected of someone
occupying a particular status
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
People’s particular roles and statuses affect
how they relate to one another.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Objectives:
Identify the most common types of social
interaction.
Distinguish between types of interactions that
stabilize social structure and those that can
disrupt it.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
Exchange – interacting in an effort to receive a
reward or a return for one’s actions
Competition – two or more people or groups in
opposition to achieve a goal that only one can attain
Conflict – the deliberate attempt to control a person
by force, to oppose someone else, or to harm another
person
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
(continued)
Cooperation – two or more people or groups working
together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than
one of them
Accommodation – a state of balance between
cooperation and conflict
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Interactions That Stabilize and Disrupt
Competition and Conflict – disrupt social
stability
Accommodation, Exchange, and Cooperation
stabilize social stability
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Objectives:
Identify and describe the types of societies that
exist in the world today.
Explain the roles individuals play in these
models of group systems.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Types of Societies
Preindustrial – food production is the main economic
activity and can be subdivided according to the level
of technology and the method of producing food
Industrial – emphasis shifts from the production of
food to the production of manufactured goods made
possible by changes in production methods
Postindustrial – much of the economy is involved in
providing information and services
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Roles of Individuals
Roles related to:
Leadership
Family
Work
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Objectives:
Summarize the major features of primary and
secondary groups.
Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Primary Groups
Interact over a long period of time on a direct
and personal basis
Entire self of the individual is taken into
account
Relationships are intimate and face-to-face
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Secondary Groups
Interaction is impersonal and temporary in
nature
Involve a reaction to only a part of the
individual’s self
Casual and limited to personal involvement
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Purposes of Groups
Select leaders – people that influence the attitudes
and opinions of others
Define their boundaries – so that members can tell
who belongs and who does not
Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions
Control their members’ behavior – if members violate
groups norms, the group cannot survive long
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Objectives:
Explain how bureaucracies are structured.
Evaluate the effectiveness of bureaucracies.
16
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Weber’s Model
Division of Labor
Ranking of Authority
Employment based on formal qualifications
Rules and regulations
Specific lines of promotion and advancement
17
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Effectiveness of Bureaucracies
Efficient at coordinating large numbers of
people, defining tasks and rewards
Provides stability
Can lose sight of goals, create red tape, and
result in oligarchies
In some instances, rewards incompetence and
expands uncontrollably
18
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 17
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
CHAPTER 4
Social Structure
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Section 3: Types of Societies
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Objectives:
Identify and describe the two major
components of social structure.
Analyze how these two components of social
structure affect human interaction.
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Major Components of Social Structure
Status – a socially defined position in a group
or in a society and has attached to it one or
more roles
Role – the behavior expected of someone
occupying a particular status
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
People’s particular roles and statuses affect
how they relate to one another.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Objectives:
Identify the most common types of social
interaction.
Distinguish between types of interactions that
stabilize social structure and those that can
disrupt it.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
Exchange – interacting in an effort to receive a
reward or a return for one’s actions
Competition – two or more people or groups in
opposition to achieve a goal that only one can attain
Conflict – the deliberate attempt to control a person
by force, to oppose someone else, or to harm another
person
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
(continued)
Cooperation – two or more people or groups working
together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than
one of them
Accommodation – a state of balance between
cooperation and conflict
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Interactions That Stabilize and Disrupt
Competition and Conflict – disrupt social
stability
Accommodation, Exchange, and Cooperation
stabilize social stability
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Objectives:
Identify and describe the types of societies that
exist in the world today.
Explain the roles individuals play in these
models of group systems.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Types of Societies
Preindustrial – food production is the main economic
activity and can be subdivided according to the level
of technology and the method of producing food
Industrial – emphasis shifts from the production of
food to the production of manufactured goods made
possible by changes in production methods
Postindustrial – much of the economy is involved in
providing information and services
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Roles of Individuals
Roles related to:
Leadership
Family
Work
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Objectives:
Summarize the major features of primary and
secondary groups.
Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Primary Groups
Interact over a long period of time on a direct
and personal basis
Entire self of the individual is taken into
account
Relationships are intimate and face-to-face
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Secondary Groups
Interaction is impersonal and temporary in
nature
Involve a reaction to only a part of the
individual’s self
Casual and limited to personal involvement
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Purposes of Groups
Select leaders – people that influence the attitudes
and opinions of others
Define their boundaries – so that members can tell
who belongs and who does not
Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions
Control their members’ behavior – if members violate
groups norms, the group cannot survive long
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Objectives:
Explain how bureaucracies are structured.
Evaluate the effectiveness of bureaucracies.
16
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Weber’s Model
Division of Labor
Ranking of Authority
Employment based on formal qualifications
Rules and regulations
Specific lines of promotion and advancement
17
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Effectiveness of Bureaucracies
Efficient at coordinating large numbers of
people, defining tasks and rewards
Provides stability
Can lose sight of goals, create red tape, and
result in oligarchies
In some instances, rewards incompetence and
expands uncontrollably
18
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 18
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
CHAPTER 4
Social Structure
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Section 3: Types of Societies
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Objectives:
Identify and describe the two major
components of social structure.
Analyze how these two components of social
structure affect human interaction.
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Major Components of Social Structure
Status – a socially defined position in a group
or in a society and has attached to it one or
more roles
Role – the behavior expected of someone
occupying a particular status
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
People’s particular roles and statuses affect
how they relate to one another.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Objectives:
Identify the most common types of social
interaction.
Distinguish between types of interactions that
stabilize social structure and those that can
disrupt it.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
Exchange – interacting in an effort to receive a
reward or a return for one’s actions
Competition – two or more people or groups in
opposition to achieve a goal that only one can attain
Conflict – the deliberate attempt to control a person
by force, to oppose someone else, or to harm another
person
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Common Types
of Social Interaction
(continued)
Cooperation – two or more people or groups working
together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than
one of them
Accommodation – a state of balance between
cooperation and conflict
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Interactions That Stabilize and Disrupt
Competition and Conflict – disrupt social
stability
Accommodation, Exchange, and Cooperation
stabilize social stability
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Objectives:
Identify and describe the types of societies that
exist in the world today.
Explain the roles individuals play in these
models of group systems.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Types of Societies
Preindustrial – food production is the main economic
activity and can be subdivided according to the level
of technology and the method of producing food
Industrial – emphasis shifts from the production of
food to the production of manufactured goods made
possible by changes in production methods
Postindustrial – much of the economy is involved in
providing information and services
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Types of Societies
Roles of Individuals
Roles related to:
Leadership
Family
Work
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Objectives:
Summarize the major features of primary and
secondary groups.
Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Primary Groups
Interact over a long period of time on a direct
and personal basis
Entire self of the individual is taken into
account
Relationships are intimate and face-to-face
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Features of Secondary Groups
Interaction is impersonal and temporary in
nature
Involve a reaction to only a part of the
individual’s self
Casual and limited to personal involvement
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 4: Groups Within Society
Purposes of Groups
Select leaders – people that influence the attitudes
and opinions of others
Define their boundaries – so that members can tell
who belongs and who does not
Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions
Control their members’ behavior – if members violate
groups norms, the group cannot survive long
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Objectives:
Explain how bureaucracies are structured.
Evaluate the effectiveness of bureaucracies.
16
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Weber’s Model
Division of Labor
Ranking of Authority
Employment based on formal qualifications
Rules and regulations
Specific lines of promotion and advancement
17
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Effectiveness of Bureaucracies
Efficient at coordinating large numbers of
people, defining tasks and rewards
Provides stability
Can lose sight of goals, create red tape, and
result in oligarchies
In some instances, rewards incompetence and
expands uncontrollably
18
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON