Slide 1

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
CHAPTER 10

Racial and Ethnic Relations
Section 1: Race, Ethnicity, and the Social Structure
Section 2: Pattern of Intergroup Relations
Section 3: Minority Groups in the United States

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Slide 2

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Race, Ethnicity, and the Social Structure

Objectives:
 Summarize how sociologists define the terms
race, ethnicity, and minority group.
 Identify the characteristics that distinguish
minority groups from one another.

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Slide 3

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Race, Ethnicity, and the Social Structure

Race, Ethnicity, and Minority Group
 Race – a category of people who share inherited
physical characteristics and who others see as being a
distinct group.
 Ethnicity – the set of cultural characteristics that
distinguishes one group from another.
 Minority Group – a group of people who, because of
their physical characteristics or cultural practices, are
singled out and unequally treated.
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Slide 4

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Race, Ethnicity, and the Social Structure

Characteristics That
Distinguish Minority Groups
 Identifiable physical or cultural characteristics
 Victims of unequal treatment
 Group membership is an ascribed status
 Members share strong bonds and a sense of loyalty
 Members tend to practice endogamy – marriage
within the group
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Slide 5

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Pattern of Intergroup Relations

Objectives:
 Distinguish between discrimination and
prejudice.
 Describe the most common patterns of
minority-group treatment.

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Slide 6

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Pattern of Intergroup Relations

Discrimination vs. Prejudice
 Prejudice – unsupported generalization about a
category of people; involves attitudes and can
be positive
 Discrimination – denial of equal treatment
based on group membership; involves
behaviors
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Slide 7

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Pattern of Intergroup Relations

Common Patterns of
Minority-Group Treatment
 Cultural Pluralism – allows each group within society
to keep its unique cultural identity
 Assimilation – blending of culturally distinct groups
into a single group with a common culture and identity
 Legal Protection – legal efforts to ensure the rights of
minority groups
 Segregation – practices that physically separate a
minority group from the dominant group
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Slide 8

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Pattern of Intergroup Relations

Common Patterns of
Minority-Group Treatment

(continued)

 Subjugation – the maintaining of control over a group
through force
 Population Transfer – transferring a minority
population to a new area
 Extermination – intentional destruction of the entire
targeted population known as genocide

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Slide 9

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Minority Groups in the United States

Objectives:
 Describe the conditions under which minority
groups in the United States live.
 Explain how government policies have
affected the lives of minority groups in the
United States.

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Slide 10

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Minority Groups in the United States

Living Conditions of Minorities
 African Americans – making gains toward
equality, but statistics show members are lagging
in education, employment, and income; becoming
more politically active
 Hispanics – rapidly growing population; lagging
in income and education; diverse population

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Slide 11

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Minority Groups in the United States

Living Conditions of Minorities

(continued)

 Asian Americans – contrast between firstgeneration immigrants, who are often poor, and
second-generation, many of whom succeed
educationally and financially; viewed as a “model
minority,” although this term is resented

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Slide 12

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Minority Groups in the United States

Living Conditions of Minorities

(continued)

 American Indians – often live on reservations;
high poverty and poor education; encouraged to
assimilate; taking steps to establish sources of
income and better schools
 White Ethnics – includes some who assimilate
quickly and others who remain victims of
prejudice and discrimination; making gains in
religious tolerance; good education level
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Slide 13

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 3: Minority Groups in the United States

Government Policies Towards
Minorities
 Government policies have both helped and
hindered minorities.
 For example: In the past, de jure segregation
hurt African Americans. The Civil Rights Act
of 1964 forbade racial discrimination

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