Transcript World War I Alliances

How It Got Started
1.
Alliances
2.
Imperialism
3.
Nationalism
4.
Militarism
Four MAIN Causes of the War
1.
Alliances
Militarism
2.
Imperialism
Alliances
3.
Nationalism
Imperialism
4.
Militarism
Nationalism
Militarism
• Arms races had begun.
Militarism
• Arms races had begun.
• In Germany and Russia especially
military establishment had increased
influence on public policy.
Militarism
• Arms races had begun.
• In Germany and Russia especially
military establishment had increase
influence on public policy.
• Endless planning for war made war
more likely (self fulfilling).
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Austria-Hungary & Germany - Treaty
France & Russia – Treaty
France & Great Britain & Belgium – Entente
Russia & Serbia as a protector
Japan and Britain
Imperialism
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Increased wealth and power through control
of additional territories.
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Increased wealth and power through control
of additional territories.
Africa and Asia had coveted raw materials.
Increased competition and desire for greater
empires.
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Nationalism
• French wanted Alsace-Lorraine region
from Germany. (From the FrancoPrussian War)
Nationalism
• French wanted Alsace-Lorraine region
from Germany. (From the FrancoPrussian War)
• Slavs in Bosnia and Herzegovina
wanted to be a part of Serbia not
Austria –Hungary.
Nationalism
• French wanted Alsace-Lorraine region
from Germany. (From the FrancoPrussian War)
• Slavs in Bosnia and Herzegovina
wanted to be a part of Serbia not
Austria –Hungary.
• Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Italians, Serbs
and Romanians were other groups.
Nationalism
• French wanted Alsace-Lorraine region
from Germany. (From the FrancoPrussian War)
• Slavs in Bosnia and Herzegovina
wanted to be a part of Serbia not
Austria –Hungary.
• Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Italians, Serbs
and Romanians were other groups.
• LONGING OF ETHINIC MINORITIES FOR
INDEPENDENCE OFTEN LED TO VIOLENCE
Why was Franz Ferdinand in
Sarajevo?
To oversee military exercises in Bosnia. Several attempts
to harm to Aus-Hun officials had already been tried.
Austria – Hungary ruled over several ethnicities.
Slavs in Bosnia and Herzegovina wanted to be a part of
Serbia not Austria -Hungary.
Other nationalities included:
Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Italians, Serbs and
Romanians
Gavrilo Princip – A “Black Hand” Terrorist
Died in prison almost four years
after assassinating Archduke
Ferdinand and his wife.
He weighed 88 pounds.
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Archduke Shot-Sarajevo/ July Crisis 6/28/14*
Aus-Hun declares war on Serbia
7/28/14
Russia mobilizes for Serbia
7/29/14
France readies/Germany readies
Germany declares war on Russia
8/1/14
Ger. invades Belgium/Britain in
8/4/14
Ottoman dec war on Russia
10/29/14
Italy joins Triple Entente
4/26/15**
Bulgaria dec war on Serbia
10/1/15
Ger. dec war on Portugal
3/9/16
Romania joins Triple Entente
8/27/16
US dec war
4/6/17
 Britain
◦ David Lloyd
George
 France
◦ Georges
Clemenceau
 Russia
◦ Czar Nicholas II
 Germany
◦ Kaiser Wilhelm II
 Austria-Hungary
◦ Emperor Franz
Josef
 Turkey/Ottoman
Empire
◦ Sultan
Mohammed V
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Ultimatum – final set of demands(Austria –
Serbia)
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Neutrality – policy of support neither
side(Belgium)
Mobilize – prepare military for war.
Stalemate – deadlock/neither side can defeat
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Total War – putting entire nation’s resources
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Conscription – “the draft” – all young men
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the other.
into the war
must ready for war
Propaganda – spread ideas to promote a
cause or damage an opposing one.
The End
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Fronts
Western
Eastern
Italian
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Battle of the Marne (1914)– British & French
turn back the Germans(Schlieffen Plan doesn’t
work = stalemate.
Battle of Verdun (1916) – 8 months
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Russian pushes into Germany(mobilized
faster than the Germans thought).
Battle of Tannenberg – Russia suffers huge
defeat and retreat back into Russia.
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Battle of Gallipoli -Dardanelles – Ottoman
Empire/Turks cut off supply lines to Russia –
Allies pull out (NZ, Aus, Brit, India)
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Third Front – Ottoman Empire/Turks hit in the
Middle East T. E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia) –
helps with Arab Revolt with guerrilla raids
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Armenian Genocide –deliberate attempt to destroy
an entire religious or ethic group.
◦ Christian Armenians helped the Russians against the Turks.
 Ottoman government used this as reason to deport the entire
population – between 600,000 and 1.5 million died.
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The Colonies – were overrun or used. Some colonists fought
expecting service would help towards independence or
citizenship = not really!
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Total War involves nation’s entire resources.
◦ Conscription – draft
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Economic war – naval blockades to confiscate
contraband – military supplies or materials to
make military supplies
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Lusitania is sunk by German U-boats
◦ May 1915 -
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Propaganda to gather support( E. Cavell 468)
would tell of atrocities – horrible acts
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Total War involves nation’s entire resources.
Lusitania is sunk by German U-boats
Propaganda to gather support( E. Cavell 468)
Morale is down – War fatigue
◦ French troops mutinied.
◦ Italian soldiers deserted
◦ Russian soldiers leave to join the revolution
 “You smug-faced crowds with kindling eye
 Who cheer when soldier lads march by,
 Sneak home and pray you’ll never know
 The hell where youth and laughter go.”
 Siegfried Sassoon, “Suicide in the Trenches”
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Revolution in Russia.
Lenin comes to power and signs the Treaty of
Brest-Litovsk with Germany – Russia is out of
the war.
◦ Central Powers can now concentrate on the Western
Front.
US Declares War
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United States Declares War – Why?
◦ Cultural ties to Allies
◦ Germany resumed unrestricted sub warfare
◦ Zimmerman note – Germans promised lost
territories to Mexico for support.
◦ President Wilson vows to “make the world safe for
democracy”
 “war to end all war”
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1917 Wilson asks Congress to declare war
1918 two million soldiers(doughboys) boost
morale combined with U.S. financial aid
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President Wilson’s Fourteen Points –list of his
terms for resolving this and future wars.
Freedom of the seas
Large scale reduction of arms
Free trade
End to secret treaties
Self-determination (right for people to choose their
own form of government) for Eastern Europe.
◦ “Association of Nations” to keep future peace
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VICTORY
◦ German offensive to achieve victory before
Americans arrive pushes 40 miles.
◦ Allied counterattack drives Germans back.
◦ German generals say war cannot be won.
 Kaiser William abdicates – steps down
 New government seeks an armistice – agreement to
end the fighting
◦ A-H/Hapsburg empire splinters
◦ Bulgaria & Ottoman Empire ask for peace
◦ 11AM ON NOVEMBER 11, 1918 WAR ENDS
End
• After years of
stalemate, US
entered the
war, gave the
Allies a boost
in morale
• March 1918—Russia drops out of war; Germans launch
major offensive on the Western Front
• May 1918—German troops are stopped at the Marne by
Allied Divisions
• June 1918—Austrian offensive defeated by combined French
and British forces
• August 1918—British/American/French counterattack at
Amiens supported by heavy artillery and tanks achieves
major successes. “Black Day” for Germany.
• Sep. 1918—Allies launch major offensive—wiped out
German forces at Saint-Mihiel
• Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated to a provisional government
• Nov. 11, 1918—at the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th
month; armistice was signed
• Stopped German
advance
• Turkey
surrendered, then
A-H
• German army
began to
disintegrate
• Kaiser Wilhelm
forced to
abdicate
• Armistice
(cease-fire) 11th
th
hour of 11
day of 11th
month in 1918
Costs
• ~10 million
soldiers/sailors
• >20 million
civilians across
Europe from
starvation,
disease, injuries
•Europe—physically &
emotionally destroyed
Land was devastated
• Breakup of
Empires
• Economies
were ruined
• Armenian
Genocide
(reading)
10. What were the effects
of the war?
• All of Europe
was touched
by it
• People did not
want a war like
it ever again
• Leaders such
as Hitler,
Mussolini will
gain power
• U.S. became
rich &
powerful
Fourteen Points
• Woodrow
Wilson’s
plan for a
lasting peace
• Treaty of
Versailles
• Reparations
• War Guilt
Clause
Russia – WWI & the
Revolution
12. Discuss Russia’s
withdrawal from the
war. What events led to
the downfall of the
Russian monarchy?
During the war…
• Low morale within
the army – few
supplies,
transportation
• Russian people were
left poor, hungry =
social and economic
chaos
Czar Nicholas II
• Closed down the
Russian legislature
when it criticized his
war policies
• Reliance on Rasputin
– Mystic healer, cared
for Alexei, adviser to
Czarina when Czar
was on front lines
Other Fascinating Facts About Rasputin and the Romanovs:
•Alexandra was one of the favorite grand-daughters of Queen Victoria of Great
Britain, who was third cousin to Nicholas. Alexandra was one of Victoria's many
grand-daughters who passed on hemophilia, which ran in the family, to their
children.
•Tsar Nicholas II and Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany, with whom Russia went to war,
were cousins.
•Seventies pop group Boney M summed up Rasputin's exploits very nicely: 'Most
people looked at him with terror and with fear / But to Moscow chicks he was such
a lovely dear'. The instrumental version of that song is what you hear playing in the
background.
•One theory regarding Rasputin's ability to stop Alexei's bleeding is that he used a
sort of hypnosis to slow the boy's heartbeat, reducing the force with which the
blood was circulated in his body
•News of Rasputin's death was celebrated, and the murderers were seen as heroes
who had saved Russia from the influence of the German Alexandra and the mad
monk Rasputin.
•Nicholas sent Rasputin's murderers into exile. Ironically, this punishment
eventually saved them from imprisonment and assassination by the Bolsheviks.
•Rasputin's corpse was exhumed and burned by a mob during the February
Revolution of 1917.
• Food & fuel
shortages
• Protests by the
people
• The army was
supposed to put
down the riots, but
they joined the
people instead
• Czar was forced
to abdicate
• End of Romanov
rule (nearly 300
years)
• Provisional
government was
established –
supposed to be
democratic
Bolshevik Revolution
• Government–
preoccupied with the
war
• Lost people’s support
• Bolsheviks (“REDS”)
= Communists that
overthrew the
provisional government
in a coup d’etat
• Promised “Peace, Bread
& Land”
Vladimir Lenin
• Leader of the
Bolsheviks
• German
government helped
him return to
Russia from exile –
promised to drop
out of war
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
• Bolsheviks took
control of Moscow,
made it the new
capital of Russia
• Signed separate
peace treaty with
Germany to drop
out of WWI
• Bolsheviks
executed the
czar and his
family in 1918
to strengthen
control
Russian Civil War
• Lasted 3 years
– Reds (Communists)
v. Whites
(Democracy,
supporters of czar,
nationalists, etc.)
• Reds won
13. How did the
government and
economy of Lenin’s
Russia differ from pure
communism?
Government
• Pure communism –
people would
govern
• Lenin – Communist
Party controlled the
government
– “dictatorship of
the proletariat”
• New Economic
Policy – allowed
some capitalism
• State controlled
banks, foreign
trade, large
industries
• Small businesses –
privately owned
• Peasants allowed to
sell crops
Economy