Transcript Diplomacy & The Great War

Chapter 23 –
War and
Revolution
section 1 –
The Road to
World War I
Causes
of the
War
Nationalism
Nationalism
 Can be a unifying force, but also leads to fierce
competition
 The key players in these nationalistic rivalries
were Germany, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain,
Russia, Italy, and France.
 While Britain was the first to industrialize,
Germany was quickly competing with Britain for
industrial dominance.
 A particularly intense rivalry existed between
Austria-Hungary and Russia over the Balkans.
 Slavic minorities in the Balkans and AustroHungarian Empire still dreamed of their own
national states.
Imperialism
•Since the mid-1800s,
European nations competed
for wealth and resources
around the globe (ex. The
Boer War.)
•As competition
continued, rivalries
and mistrust grew.
Militarism
Definition – the aggressive
preparation for war
1910-1914 Increase in
Defense Expenditures
France
10%
Britain
13%
Russia
39%
Germany
73%
•In 1914, mobilization of a nation’s army
was considered an act of war.
•In short, nationalism/imperialism lead to
an intense arms race . . .
Entangling Alliances
•Rivalry and mistrust an alliance system, everyone wanted
to make sure they had someone to “back them up.”
Triple Entente:
Triple Alliance:
Germany
England
France
WAR!
Russia
AustriaHungary
Italy
The Outbreak of War
The
“Spark”
The Balkans, 1914
The “Powder Keg”
of Europe
•As Ottoman Empire
declined, ethnic groups in the
Balkan area (Bulgaria, Serbia,
Bosnia) sought independence.
•Austria-Hungary and Russia
have interests in exerting their
interests in the area
•1914, Serbia supported by
Russia, determined to create
an independent Slavic state in
the Balkins. A-H, Slavic
population didn’t support .
Tensions Increase
 A-H vows to respond to any Serb “aggression.”
 Russia secretly assures Serbia they will support them.
 Enter the Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his family…
•The archduke was the
heir to A-H throne, and
decided to tour
Bosnia…perhaps in a
show of strength
•Gavrilo Princip, a 19year old member of
Serbian nationalist
group the “Black Hand”
shot the archduke and
his wife point-blank.
The Assassination: Sarajevo
The Assassin:
Gavrilo
Princip
The Outbreak of War
•After half-hearted negotiations, A-H declared war on
Serbia on July 28, 1914 . . . The alliance system then
dragged all of Europe into war
Chain reaction of 1914:
•To support her ally (Serbia), Russia moved troops
toward the A-H border (July 28)
•Germany, supporting her ally (A-H) declared war on
Russia (Aug. 2) and two days later, also declared war on
(Russia’s ally) France.
•Germany declared war on neutral Belgium (Aug.4)
•Great Britain, feeling the threat and supporting her ally,
France, declared war on Germany (Aug. 4)
WWI!
Who’s To Blame?
The Schlieffen Plan
Mobilization
 Home by Christmas!
 No major war
in 50 years!
A German Boy
Pretends to Be a
Soldier
Trench Warfare
“No Man’s
Land”
Trench Warfare
Poison Gas
Machine Gun
Flame
Throwers
Grenade
Launchers
Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun
French Renault Tank
British Tank at Ypres
The Airplane
U-Boats
War Is HELL
!!
Sacrifices in War
The Somme – July, 1916
e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.
e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.
Soldiers Mobilized
14
12
Millions
10
8
6
4
2
0
France
Germany
Russia
Britain
Women
and the
War
Effort
Financing the War
For Recruitment
Munitions Workers
French Women Factory
Workers
German Women Factory Workers
Working in the Fields
A Woman Ambulance Driver
Red Cross Nurses
Women in the Army Auxiliary
Russian Women Soldiers
Spies
e “Mata Hari”
e Real Name:
Margareetha
Geertruide
Zelle
e German Spy!
Posters:
Wartime
Propagand
a
Australian Poster
American Poster
Financing the War
German Poster
Think of Your Children!
The Western
Front:
A “War of
Attrition”
A Multi-Front War
The Western Front
The
Eastern
Front
The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915
Turkish Cavalry in Palestine
T. E. Lawrence
& the “Arab Revolt”, 1916-18
T. E. Lawrence & Prince
Faisal at Versailles, 1918-19
The Tsar with General Brusilov
The
“Colonial”
Fronts
Sikh British Soldiers in India
Fighting in Africa
Black Soldiers in the
German Schutztruppen
[German E. Africa]
British Sikh
Mountain Gunners
Fighting in Africa
3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade
Fighting in Salonika, Greece
French colonial marine infantry from
Cochin, China - 1916
Americ
a
Joins
the
The Sinking
of the Lusitania
The Zimmerman Telegram
The Yanks
Are Coming!
Americans in the Trenches
The War of
the
Industrial
Revolution:
New
Technology
Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats
The Flying Aces of World War I
Eddie
Rickenbacher, US
Francesco
Barraco, It.
Eddie “Mick”
Mannoch, Br.
Willy Coppens de
Holthust, Belg.
Rene Pauk
Fonck, Fr.
Manfred von
Richtoffen, Ger.
[The “Red Baron”]
Curtis-Martin
U. S. Aircraft Plant
Looking for the “Red Baron?”
The Zeppelin
“Art”
of
World
War I
“A Street in Arras”
John Singer Sargent, 1918
“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917
“Those Who Have Lost Their Names”
Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914
“Gassed and Wounded”
Eric Kennington, 1918
“Paths of Glory”
C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917
German Cartoon:
“Fit for active service!”, 1918
1918 Flu Pandemic:
Depletes All Armies
50,000,000 –
100,000,000 died
11 a.m., November 11, 1918
The Armistice is Signed!
9,000,000 Dead
The Somme American
Cemetary, France
116,516 Americans Died
World War I Casualties
10,000,000
9,000,000
8,000,000
7,000,000
6,000,000
5,000,000
4,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
0
Russia
Germany
Austria-Hungary
France
Great Britain
Italy
Turkey
US
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
Districts & Vilayets of Western
Armenia in Turkey
1914
1922
Erzerum
215,000
1,500
Van
197,000
500
Kharbert
204,000
35,000
Diarbekir
124,000
3,000
Bitlis
220,000
56,000
Sivas
225,000
16,800
Western Anatolia
371,800
27,000
Cilicia and Northern Syria
309,000
70,000
European Turkey
194,000
163,000
73,390
15,000
2,133,190
387,800
Other Armenian-populated Sites
in Turkey
Trapizond District
Total
Recruitment Posters