Transcript Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746

Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi
(1746-1827)
Pred 101
Nov. 4, 2010
1
Pestalozzi
2
Pestalozzi
•
•
•
•
•
Was born in Zurich.
His father, a surgeon, died when he was five.
Lived in financial difficulties
Had a sister and brother.
His mother and their servant, Babeli, had a
profound impact on his education.
• He was not allowed to play with other kids
(clothes, shoes)
3
• Because of this, he did not learn children’s
lives and was made fun of other children
• His mother was his ideal educator.
• Servant Babeli’s impact, innate goodness of
man, dedication to the poor
• Summers with grandfather, dissimilarities
between country and town, love of nature
4
School environments
• Elementary and grammar schools were boring
and dull for him.
• Memorizing long texts
• Cruel treatment to children
• Children were seen as innately bad and not
interested in learning
• Beatings were common.
5
Neuhof (New farm)
• Later attending university.
• Became interested in farming.
• Married with Anna Schulthes, which she kept
a diary.
• Farming was not successful.
• Neuhof was turn into and educational
institution.
6
Neuhof as a school
• Wanted to rescue children from poverty and
bad conditions and give simple education.
• He believed agriculture could improve the
conditions of poor people.
• Experimental farm
• Children were trained physically, morally, and
intellectually.
7
• Pestalozzi and his wife– 25 poor, abandoned
children (6-16 years olds)
• Children worked in fields,
– domestic jobs, reading, writing, math, religion
• The school was a great success
• But later, more students enrolled and school
had to be closed…
8
Pestallozi as a father
• He had a son.
• Had read Emile and tried to apply Rousseau’ s
ideas to educate his son.
• Rousseau's methods--,
– he used them to improve his methods and compare
Rousseau's ideas with his ideas
• Jacobli was not sent to school until he was 14.
• Little preparation for practical life
• A sick child and man
9
Pestalozzi the Writer, reformer, and
Educator
• After failure of Neuhof, Pestalozzi still believed
that education is important for people.
• He started writing.
• Illegitimacy, infanticide, punishment
• He wrote books on infanticide.
• In his book, he talks about legislation and its
ineffectiveness to prevent infanticide.
10
• Best means to prevent infanticide is
education.
• Parents, teachers, clergymen,
• Can infanticide be prevented if the girls is
helped?
• State has to be father to illegitimate children.
11
Stanz (1799-1800)
• French revolution, Swiss resistance to French
troops
• Stanz, a capital village of the district , was
burned
• Many children were homeless and orphaned.
• Government opened a school for children
(both sexes, over five years of age) and
Pestalozzi was the director.
12
• At Stanz, all educational ideas took place
• Children were gradually to participate in all
work ( to support the institution).
• Work in fields, housework, study
• Developed principles for natural and logical
method of elementary education
• Stanz was closed 1800 due to religious
differences between Pestalozzi and the local
people.
13
• Stanz was a model for Pestalozzi's Children’s
Village after world War II,
• It protected children until the age of 18.
14
Bugdorf (1800-1804)
• After Stanz, he became a teacher at an infant’s
school in Bugdorf.
• 25 children, four to eight years old, boys and
girls
• He organized the children according to their
abilities , which was a success
15
• He later was appointed to another school.
• 60 children (six to sixteen years old)
• Curriculum included Bible history, geography,
Swiss history, arithmetic, writing
• Teaching started with “Language, number, and
form.”
• He was more successful with the younger than
with older students.
16
Pestalozzi's educational theories and
practices
• His book: How Gertrude teaches her children: an
attempt to help mothers to teach their own
children
• Principle of self-activity– in acquiring and using
knowledge
• The application of this concept had a great
impact on the method of school instruction.
• Book describes a system of education which
includes three parts: intellectual, physical, and
moral
17
• New method of teaching is widely accepted
and influenced subsequent teaching methods
18
• Pestalozzi stated that education must be
personal, appealing to each learner's intuition
• every aspect of the child's life affects the
formation of personality, character, and
reason.
19
The Years at Yverdon (1805-1825)
• Pestalozzi spent 20 years at Yverdon as an
educator and schoolmaster.
• Some of young instructors slept in the
dormitories and participated in students’
activities.
• Students’ tasks: ten lessons daily staring at six
o’clock in the morning
20
• Basic principle: development of child’s talents
• Reading, writing, math, geography, history,
natural sciences, music, gymnastics,
handwork, religious instruction later classics
• Age span: six to twelve years
• Middle class families and nonpaying students
• Lessons were taught in French and German.
21
• Program: subjects in order, regularity,
alteration between games and lesson
• Different grades, subjects were taught at the
same day,.
• Students would move to different levels bas
don their abilities.
• Teaching method: observation and language
22
• Students were supposed to discover things for
themselves.
• They were taught to observe correctly
– Recognize the relations
– Express clearly what the learned and understood
• Each course was taught by a specialist based
on Pestalozzi's principles
• Yverdon center for educational experiment
23
• Self-activity became famous in Germany.
• Froebel was influenced by Pestalozzi
24
“Letters on early education addressed
to J.P. Greaves”
• Like Comenius, Pestalozzi wrote a book on
early childhood education.
• This book is about the relationship between
mother and her child.
• Education should begin at birth.
• The first year is very important
• Reaction between child and mother
25
• Mothers’ love, affection very important
• Mother is first teacher, qualified by the God
• Mother has to be firm, wise, and control
child’s selfishness.
• Love and faith should be introduce d by the
mother
26
• Children should not memorize things
• Encourage self-activity
• Primarily developed for poor children , but
later for wealthy children
27
Pestalozzianism in the US
• The success of the Yverdon school drew
attention of the European and American
educators.
• Pestalozzi's educational methods were
– child-centered and
– based on individual differences,
– sense perception, and
– the student's self-activity.
28
• Pestalozzi was an important influence on the
theory of physical education;
• he linked physical exercise and outdoor
activity to general, moral, and intellectual
education.
• This educational idea reflected his ideal of
harmony and human autonomy.[1]
29
• Pestalozzi employed the following principles in
teaching
– Start with the concrete object , later abstract
concepts
– Begin with the immediate environment , then
later teach what is distant and remote
– begin with easy exercises or activities, then move
into complex ones
– Always introduce subjects gradually, cumulatively,
and slowly
30
• Ground work for modern elementary
education
• Emphasized the individuality of children
31