Transcript Slide 1

Natural
Education
Pestalozzi
Froebel
Montessori
Created by
Vanessa L. Cortez
Antonio Rivera
Pestalozzi (1746-1827)
• Swiss educator
• Return to nature
philosophy
• Enlightenment
rationalism
• Rousseau
Pestalozzi’s Life
• Born in Zurich, Italian
Family
• Barbara Schmid (Babeli)
• Helvetic Society
• Search for a profession
• The Farm
Neuhof and Writings
• 1774, The school for working and learning
• Vocational, moral, and intellectual development
• Failure in 1779
• Leonard and Gertrude: Home and School
• Researches into the Course of Nature in the
Development of the Human Race
• How Gertrude Teaches Her Children
Stans, Burgdorf and Iverdon
• French Revolution in Switzerland
• Orphanage Director: Rehabilitating
victims of war
• Educational Institute at Burgdorf
• ABC of Anschauung: Reduction of
education to simplicity
• Yverdon, Pestalozzi’s greatest
achievement
• Failure due to bad management
Philosophy of Education
• Nature: Physical reality that appears to our
senses in an array of independent objects
• Objects exist independent of people’s
knowledge but can be known through
sensation
• Two levels of nature
a) objective order of reality
b) operations that direct development
• Human development as a tree
Art of Instruction
• Development based on nature and
harmony
• Human, Intellectual, and Physical
development must grow balanced
• The amoral, physically weak genius
• Natural Education: Psychology of
Learning
• Phase II: Exercises, experiences and
materials
Anschauung
• Definition: The single unitary
operational process that is the source
of all human cognition.
• Sensation
• Perception
• Cognition
Art of Sense Impression
• Object Lesson (Conceptualization)
• Pestalozzi believed that thought began with
sensation and that teaching should use the
senses. Holding that children should study
the objects in their natural environment,
Pestalozzi developed a so-called "object
lesson" that involved exercises in learning
form, number, and language. Pupils
determined and traced an object's form,
counted objects, and named them.
System of Natural
Education- 2 phases
• (1) General Methodcreating an emotionally
secure learning
environment
• (2) Special MethodInstruction in subject
matter and skills
General Method: Emotional
Security
Sought to create an
emotionally secure
educational environment for
the child
-Love and security ( familyschool connection)
-Embrace the techniques,
experiences, and activities
necessary for moral,
intellectual, and physical
development
-Provide emotional support
Special Method
• Instruction was to begin with the
learner’s direct experience with concrete
objects found in the environment
• Sensation and experience- begin with
familiar objects and tasks before abstract
kinds of learning
From the Near to the Far
• Instruction should begin with the learner’s
immediate environment and the objects
that were part of the environment.
• Eventually lead to “widening circle of
mankind” that leads children from the
home through the socioeconomic
environment into the world. (Continuity of
experience)
From the Simple to the
Complex
• Build from simple tasks to more complex
• Ex. Language lessons began with
speaking sounds, then words, then
phrases, finally sentences,
Pestalozzi’s Major
Contributions to Early
Childhood
• Pestalozzi's contribution to early
childhood education was to stress the
education of the whole child, the
importance of a loving and emotionally
secure environment, and recognizing the
dignity of the child in education.
Friedrich Froebel (1782-1852)
• German educator: Influenced by
idealism and romanticism
• Occupations: Forester, naturalist,
chemist, teacher
• Visit to Iverdon
• 1813: The war
• Griesheim: Music, play, self-activity
• Burgdorf Switzerland
• Blankenburg Germany: First
Kindergarten
Philosophy of Education
• The Education Man (1896)
• Human nature unfolds the
preformed potentialities in a
person
• The teacher stimulates the
process of unfolding
• Teachers provide space and
time in order for children to
develop
Conception of the Child
• The human race could be
viewed as one human being.
• Family and all human beings
are united through God
• The role of school is to help
students penetrate the
external reality of objects
into higher internal
spirituality.
• Kindergarten: songs, play,
stories, games
• Types of play: gifts and
“occupation”
Object Lesson
• Children’s ideas grow and gain full
consciousness in adulthood.
• Symbols: water, sand and clay, group
occupations
The Kindergarten
Movement
• 1851: Kindergarten prohibited
• Movement: England,
Switzerland, Germany, France,
Italy, Netherlands
The American Kindergarten
Movement
• Introduced by immigrants from Germany
• Public schools adapted Kindergarten as
the first step on U.S. educational ladder
• Elizabeth Peabody: Founded and institute
to prepare Kindergarten teachers
• St. Louis Missouri: Superintendent William
Torrey introduces Kindergarten to public
schools
• Kindergarten today
Maria Montessori
1870- 1952
“Never help a child with a task at which he feels he can
succeed.”
“The greatest sign of success for a teacher... is to be
able to say, "The children are now working as if I did
not exist.”
Maria Montessori
• The goal of Montessori is to provide a
stimulating, child-centered environment
in which children can explore, touch, and
learn without fear, thus engendering a
lifelong love of learning as well as
providing the child the self-control
necessary to fulfill that love.
Montessori’s Curriculum
• Three major kinds of activities and
experiences
• (1) Practical Life (setting a table, serving a
meal, basic social amenities)
• (2) Sensory Training- (sensory, muscular,
and coordination)
• (3) Formal skills and studies- (reading,
writing, and arithmetic) sandpaper letters,
colorful rods, etc.-( didactic materials)
Implementation
• Montessori is a highly hands-on
approach to learning. It encourages
children to develop their observation
skills by doing many types of activities.
These activities include use of the five
senses, kinetic movement, spatial
refinement, small and large motor skill
coordination, and concrete knowledge
that leads to later abstraction.
Montessori Classrooms
Video Clip
Maria Montessori: Her Life and Legacy
• http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid
=748019594080989064&q=montessori+
classrooms&hl=en
American Montessori
Revival
• American Montessori Society- (AMS)
http://www.amshq.org/
• At least 4,000 Montessori schools in
America and 7,000 worldwide
• Over 1,100 AMS member schools in
America
Famous Montessori students
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Jeff Bezos, founder of Amazon
Sergey Brin and Larry Page, co-founders of Google
Anne Frank
Jimmy Wales, founder of Wikipedia
Katherine Graham, owner-editor of The Washington Post
Sean Combs, famous rapper of Bad Boy Records
Julia Child, first TV chef
Helen Hunt, Academy Award-winning actress
George Clooney, Academy Award-winning actor
Gabriel Garcia Marquez, novelist and Nobel Laureate