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Pestalozzi 7/2012
International Development Cooperation
History
of
Development Cooperation
Trogen, 2 July 2012
Pestalozzi 7/2012
International Development Cooperation
History of development cooperation
Part 1
 From missionaries via colonialism to development cooperation
 Second World War and Cold War
 First development decades
Part 2
Milestones of new architecture of development cooperation
Start of the development cooperation
The Third World in advance
The search for alternatives
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from mission work via colonialism toward development aid:
a change in paradigm
UN Summit 2000, Millenium Development Goals
(189 Staaten)
„ The White Man‘s Burden“
(Rudyard Kipling, 1899)
1910, German Missionaries
in South West Africa
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Decolonisation - 3 possible explainations:
1. Changes in the european metropoles:
Colonies became an economic burden, the colonial powers were weakened
because of the 2. world war, the public opinion started to become opposed to
colonialism ...
and colonies
(King Badouin
in Congo)
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Lumumbas Blood and Tears speech
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Decolonisation - 3 possible explainations:
1. Changes in the european metropoles:
Colonies became an economic burden, the colonial powers were weakened
because of the 2. world war, the public opinion started to become opposed to
colonialism ...
2. Emancipation movement and struggle for liberty and selfdetermination:
Leading role of India (independance movement of Gandhi),
African Nationalism (Senghor, Nkrumah etc...)
3. Geopolitical changes:
New international relations after 2. World War, foundation of the UN, starting
dominace of anti-colonialistic power USA and UDSSR, cold war
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Independance of african and south/south east asian countries
after 2. World War
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The „Iron Curtain“ – the cold war 1960s – 1980s
Sir Winston Churchill, March
1946:
“From Stettin at the Baltic Sea to
Triest at the Adria was laid an iron
curtain through the continent ....
that is not the liberated Europe for
which we have fought"
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Alliances during the Cold War
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Marshall Plan (1947) of the late 40s
1. Massive Aid (over 100 billion US$ in today’s term for a ravaged Europe)
2. Reversed Security policy
3. Reversed Trade policy (from protectionism towards opening of markets)
4. From national sovereignity towards mutual governance systems
Creation of the:
• International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(Worldbank)
• International Monetary Fund
• International Trade Organisation
• and the United Nations (1945)
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The Bottom Billion
Why the Poorest Countries Are Failing and What Can Be Done About it
1 BILLION PEOPLE live in
58 developing countries
which
• show no economic growth and
persisting poverty and no social
progress since years
• deteriorating development
indicators
The challenge of
development cooperation!
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Main points of the book
1.
The term “bottom billion” refers to the roughly one billion people
living in 58 developing countries
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Bottom billion development traps
bad governance in
a small country
no access to ports
surrounded by bad
neighbours
Pestalozzi 7/2012
International Development Cooperation
Main points of the book
1. The term “bottom billion” refers to the roughly one billion people living
in 58 developing countries
2. Countries in the “bottom-billion” suffer from having fallen into one or
more of four traps.
bad governance
no access to
ports
surrounded by
bad neighbours
in a small country
3. the “bottom-billion” have missed the economic boat
(private capital is not flowing to these countries except to exploit their natural resources.
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• Film Collier
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Waterfront of
effective
development policy
Aid
Trade
Security
Governance
• Film Collier
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the 2. World War as turning point for international cooperation
1941:
-
War objectives of the allied forces: Atlantic Charta
„four liberties“ of president Roosevelt (Januay 1941) freedom of:
(1) expression, (2) opinion, (3) faith/religion and freedom from (4) misery and fear
-
right of self-determination for all people
-
free access to world trade for all people
-
international cooperation
1944:
Conference of Dumbarton Oaks USA, GB, Sowjet Union and China
agree on structure and content for a future UN
(Charta, UN plenary meeting, security council, secretariat, international court)
1944/45: Foundation of the World Bank and International Money Fund
1945:
Foundation of the UN 24th October 1945 (50 States)
1948:
Declaration of Human Rights (UN)
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The first decades: Construction phase of development aid
organisations
• UN:
 1945 FAO
 1946 UNICEF, UNESCO, WHO,
 1965 UN-Development Program (UNDP)
 1969 UNFPA....
• 1961 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
OECD/DAC: Development Assistance Committee of the OECD.
• Bilateral Agencies: 1961 USAID und Peace Corps, GTZ, DfTZ (→DEH→DEZA)
• NGOs
many development-NGOs originated from humanitarian organisations during or
immediately after 2. World War (e.g.: Oxfam 1942 and Care 1945), Kinderdorf
Pestalozzi (european orphans after 2. World War)
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Organisations of „Third-World-Countries“
•
1955: Asian – African Conference of Bandung
Respect of Principles of:
Non-Interference; peaceful coexistance; human rights; right of self-determination of
people; imediate independance of all colonies.
•
Non-Aligned Movement – (NAM) 1961 Conference of Belgrad Princip of non-alignment to the eastern or western block
•
►
Independance from the „power“ blocks
►
Support to all colonies to achieve independance
►
important political platform of „Third World State“ especially inside the UN
Group 77 since 1967
represents the position of „ Third World Countries“ inside the United Nations
Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) – close link to NAM
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Example Latin America: Development as liberation / freedom
Liberation Theology:
• 2. Concile of the vatican (1962-65)
• Enzyklika Populorum Progressio (1967)
• Latin american bishop conference in Medellin
(1968): „Option for the poor“
Papst Johannes
XXIII (1958-63)
Pedagogy of the Oppressed
Revolution:
• Liberation by sensitisation
Liberation by
revolutionary
change of the
society
• Functional Alphabetisation
Ernesto „Che“ Guevara
Paolo Freire
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End of the Cold War (1989-1991)
 Break up of the Soviet Union
 wide disarmament and
demilitisation
 End of system concurrence and
descreditation of the socialistique
development model
 End of political clientilism
Fall of the Berlin wall (1989)
New focus
Alleviation of poverty and promotion of development
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The start of „Global Governance“: UN-Conferences of the 90th
UN gets more influence after „Cold War
1992, Rio de Janeiro, Environment and Development
1993, Vienna, Human Rights - 1. UN High Comissioner for Human Rights
1994, Cairo, Population and Development
1995, Copenhagen, Social Development and Beijing, Women
1996, Istanbul, Urbanisation (HABITAT II) and Rome, World Food Summit
Half undernutrition by 2015....... Way towards MDGs
Importance of UN-Conferences for:




setting of Agendas
global targets and strategies
obtaining donor commmitments
participation of Civil Society and NGOs
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Earth Summit – Rio 1992
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
Some Issues adressed:
• systematic scrutiny of
patterns of production
• Climate change
• alternative sources of energy
• growing scarcity of water
Important outcomes:
• Agreement on Climate Change and
Biodiversity Convention
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• Rio Declaration on Environment and
Development, Agenda 21
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UN Action Plan for sustainable Development: Agenda 21
A comprehensive blueprint of action to be taken:
globally, nationally and locally
• Social and Economic Dimensions
combatting poverty, changing consumption patterns, promoting health, change
population and sustainable settlement
• Conservation and Management of Resources for Development
• Strengthening the Role of Major Groups
Includes the roles of children and youth, women, NGOs, local
authorities, business and workers.
• Means of Implementation
Science, technology transfer, education, international institutions
and financial mechanisms.
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