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Pestalozzi 7/2012
International Development Cooperation
History of development cooperation
Part 2
Milestones
towards a new architecture
of development cooperation
Trogen, 3 July 2012
Pestalozzi 7/2012
International Development Cooperation
the „Invention“ of Underdevelopment
• Inaugural Speech of US-President Harry S.
Trumann, 20th Januay 1949: Four point
program for peace and liberty
1. Creation of the North Atlantic Treaty
(Defence) Organization (NATO)
2. Continuation of the „Marshall-Plan“ and
similar programs to reconstruct world
economy after 2. World War
3. Support of the UN
4. Support to „underdevelopped“ regions
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International Development Cooperation
Extract of Truman‘s Inaugural speech 1949 (Point-Four Declaration)
“Fourth, we must embark on a bold new program for making the benefits of our scientific
advances and industrial progress available for the improvement and growth of
underdeveloped areas.
More than half of the people of the earth are living in conditions approaching misery. Their
food is inadequate. They are victims of disease. Their economic life is primitive and
stagnant. Their poverty is a handicap and a threat both to them and to more prosperous
areas.
For the first time in history, humanity possesses the knowledge and skill to relieve the
suffering of these people. ...
I believe that we should make available to peace-loving peoples the benefits of our store
of technical knowledge in order to help them realize their aspirations for a better life. ....
We invite other countries to pool their technological resources in this undertaking. .... This
should be a cooperative enterprise in which all nations work together through the United
Nations and its specialized agencies whenever practicable. It must be a worldwide effort
for the achievement of peace, plenty, and freedom.
With the cooperation of business, private capital, agriculture, and labour in this country,
this program can greatly increase the industrial activity in other nations and can raise
substantially their standards of living....”
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International Development Cooperation
Group work
• What do you think of the perceptions and concepts of the „Point
Four Declaration“ ?
• What are positive aspects of this declaration?
• Where would you criticize it?
• What is still valid today?
(10 minute brain-storming)
Pestalozzi 7/2012
International Development Cooperation
60th/70th: The „Third World on Advance“
Daniel Cohn Bendit
Paris, May 1968
Mao Tse-Tung 1966
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Student movement in Mexico,
Massacre of Tlatelolco, „The sad
night“
3. October 1968
Pestalozzi 7/2012
International Development Cooperation
60th/70th:
The „Third World on Advance“
Evacuation of
US-Embassy
Saigon 1975
Vietnam War, 1972
Pestalozzi 7/2012
International Development Cooperation
The „Third World“ – a factor in world policy during the 60th and 70th
•
•
Critic of industrialized countries development model:
1972 first UN-conference on Human Environment (Stockholm);
Club of Rome: „The Limits to Growth“ (1972)
Cultural Revolution in China (1966/67)
fascination of the left wing movements for the radical ideas of Mao Tse Tung
•
Sympathies for socialistic ideas in the Third World
African Socialism in Tanzania (Nyerere)
•
Fight against imperialism of the North:
68th movement in Europe, solidarity movements with „Third World“
•
Independance Mouvements in the South
Fight against the White in South Africa, Rhodesia, Angola, Mozambique
and liberalisation movements in Latin America
•
„Carnation-Revolution“ in Portugal (1974)
result in independance of last colonies (Angola, Mosambique, Guinea-Bissau, Cap Verde)
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Pestalozzi 7/2012
International Development Cooperation
60th/70th: The „Third World on Advance“
Carnation revolution, Portugal 1974
Victory of mosamb.
FRELIMO,
Independance
from Portugal
1975
Pestalozzi 7/2012
International Development Cooperation
Development Cooperation since the 80th:
the search for impact
• The basic needs strategies of the 80th and 90th
• The rough wind of the 80th
• The end of the cold war
• Searching for aid effectiviness
• Milestones to a new development cooperation
architecture
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Basic needs strategy: Pearson-Report (1969)
World Bank Strategy during President McNamara (1972)
•
Satisfaction of basic needs:
Development must be oriented towards the satisfaction of basic needs of the poorest
social strata: Nutrition, drinking water, housing, education and infrastructure
•
Participation:
Population must be involved in change processes and given the possibility to activly
participate in planning and implementation of change processes. Development of
participative methods:
 bottom-up approaches
 development of participative methods
Debate - skepticism and opposition by:
•
adherents of growth and macro-economic approaches
•
many developing countries which believed that industrialized countries try to distract
them from the new dynamic of the world economy and industrialization by promoting
the basic needs strategy.
Pestalozzi 7/2012
International Development Cooperation
Transfert into practice: Period of Integrated Rural
Development Projects / Programs (70th – 90th)
• IHDP: Integrated Hill Development Project, Nepal (1975-1990)
• DRI Yoro, DRI Margoas, DRI Chinorte: Desarrollo Rural Integrado, Honduras and
Nicaragua (80-er und 90-er Jahre)
• TIRDEP: Tanga Integrated Rural Development Program, Tanzania (1972-1991)

Orientation towards basic needs:
Agriculture, education, health infrastructure, living conditions etc.

Community Development starting in the 80th

Participation: bottom-up approaches; methodologies to pro,mote participation
(target oriented project planning/ZOPP, Participatory Rural Appraisal, Selfpromotion),

Base organisations:
promotion of base organisations (e.g.cooperatives, producer organisations etc..)

Appropriate and sustainable technologies: low extrenal input strategies,
agroforestry, animal traction instead of tractors etc.
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towards macro-economic stability in developing countries
Structural Adjustment Programs (SAP)
Debt crisis in developing countries
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•
•
•
Targets:
Restoration of liquidity and credit worthiness
Control of (hyper-) inflation
Balance of state expenditures and external trade
medium- and lonterm improvement of the chances to achieve economic
growth and orientation towards world marke
Structural Adjustment Programs (SAP) impulsed by donors
Implementation of neoliberal economical and financial reform measures in
developing countries (under leadership of World Bank and IMF)
 critic:
Redistribution of wealth and poverty reduction are not
(explicit) targets of the SAP
Pestalozzi 7/2012
International Development Cooperation
Costs of the SAPs
• social costs for poor:
 social services (education, health etc.) became expensive
 price oncreases: basic food (was often subsidized before), transport,
energy, water etc.
 reduction or loss of specific governmental support programs such as:
rural extension, health advice, adult education ......
the 80th: a lost decade?
in many countries economic growth decreased or became even negative
poverty reduction stagnated or poverty even increased
(deterioration of child mortality reduction, school enrolment .... )
social mitigation measures (since end of 80th)
Pestalozzi 7/2012
International Development Cooperation
Comprehensive Development Framework (CDF),
World Bank (1998)
Concept of holistic national development strategies as common basis for
national and international actors inside a country
(national government, civil society,and private sector, multi- and bilateral
donor organisations, international NGOs)
Principles of the CDF:
Long-term holistic vision
Country ownership
Country-led partnership
Results focus
Pestalozzi 7/2012
International Development Cooperation
Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP),
World Bank and IMF (1999)
• concrete instrument to implement CDF-concept
• primary goal of development aid is poverty reduction
each developing country elaborates a national poverty reduction strategy
• PRSP pre-condition to participate at debt-relief initiative for highly
indebted countries (HIPIC)
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OECD/DAC: „Shaping the 21st Century“ (1996)
„Shaping the 21st Century: the Contribution of Development Cooperation“
4 principles fo a partner-based cooperation:
1. Country priorities:
Interests and priorities of developing countries have to be in the center
2. Ownership:
Every country has to elaborate its locally owned strategy, which should orient the
progams and activities of donors
3. Multi-Stakeholder approach:
Planning and implementation have to involve a multitude of stakeholders from the
state , private sector and the Civil Society
4. Local capacities:
Development processes have to strengthen and be built on local capacities
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