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Shadows over the Pacific: East Asia Under Challenge

The Qing Empire

Decline of the Manchus  Opium and Rebellion  British problems with China • • The opium trade Reactions by China  Lin Zexu (Lin Tse-hsu; 1785-1850), 1839   The Opium Wars (1839-1842) • Concessions to Britain Taiping (T’ai p’ing) Rebellion, 1853-1864) • Hong Xiuquan (Hung Hsiu-ch’uan) • Causes of the rebellion

Efforts at Reform  Self-strengthening  Adoption of Western technology combined with the retention of Confucian principles and institutions  Proponents of more radical reform  Wang Tao (Wang T’ao) (1828 – 1897)

Foreign Possessions and Spheres of Influence About 1900

The Climax of Imperialism  Russia, France, and Britain penetrate China  Sino-Japanese War, 1894-1895    Emperor Guangxu (Kuang Hsu) Kang Youwei (K’ang Yu-wei) Empress Dowager Cixi (Tz’u Hsi)  Opening the Door to China  United States’ “Open Door” policy  Boxer Rebellion, 1900

Collapse of the Old Order  Commission formed to study constitutional changes, 1905  Election for a national assembly, 1910  New provincial elite  Rising rural unrest     Reforms do little for the peasants, artisans, miners, transportation workers Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925) • Revive China Society • • Revolutionary Alliance Three People’s Principles of nationalism, democracy, and people’s livelihood Revolt of October, 1911 • General Yaun Shikai (Yaun Shih-k’ai) Revolution or collapse of the old order?

Chinese Society in Transition        Obstacles to industrialization Traditional methods of production Little use of Western technology Rapid increase in the population led to smaller plots of land and tenant farmers Impact of imperialism on the economy Western presence accelerated Chinese development Daily life  Changes in coastal cities     Increased Western cultural presence Education Women Impact of missionaries

A Rich Country and a Strong State: The Rise of Modern Japan     Isolation Emergent commercial and manufacturing center Tokugawa feudalistic system falling apart  Factionalism and corruption plaguing the central bureaucracy An End to Isolation  Commodore Matthew C. Perry, 1853 • Treaty of Kanagawa    Townsend Harris, 1858 Sat-Cho alliance, 1863 Rebel armies attacked shogun’s palace at Kyoto in 1868 and proclaimed the authority of the emperor who had agreed to end cooperation with the West

Meiji Restoration  Transformation of Japanese Politics     Abolish remnants of the old order and strengthen the executive Charter Oath, 1868 Political parties develop Meiji Constitution of 1890  Meiji Economics    Land reform Japan’s industrial revolution Impact of changes on the rural population  Building a Modern Social structure      Military structure Education Changing culture Civil Code, 1898 Women

Japanese Overseas Expansion During the Meiji Era

Joining the Imperialist Club  Conflict with China  Ryukyu Islands  Korea opens ports to Japan  Sino-Japanese rivalry over Korea  Treaty of Shimonoseki  Russo-Japanese War, 1904  Korea annexed in 1908

Japanese Culture in Transition  Japan invited technicians, engineers, architects, and artists from Europe and United States  Tokyo School of Fine Arts

The Meiji Restoration: A Revolution from Above  Some historians argue it was an incomplete revolution because it did not end economic and social inequalities  Others argue it did put Japan on a path of economic and political development  A “conservative revolution”  Combination of

kokutai

and capitalism

Discussion Questions  How did opium help the British force concessions from the Chinese?

 What steps did the Chinese take to block European domination of China? Why did these measures fail?

 How did the presence of European powers in China shape Chinese cultural development?

 Was the Meiji Restoration a “revolution”?