Transcript The Division of Asia

The Division of Asia
Chapter 27
Section 3
The Division of Asia
Read to Find Out
• Main Idea: The countries of Asia
responded in various ways to imperialism
• Terms to define: Sepoy, viceroy, sphere of
influence, culture system, westernization
• People to meet: Ci Xi, SunYat-sen,
Mathew C. Mutsuhito, Diponeggoro, Emilio
Aguinaldo
• Places to locate: Beijing, the East Indies,
the Philippines, Indochina
The Division of Asia
Overview
• The Italian explorer Marco Polo wrote the
book, Description of the World
– Many stories mentioned about Zipangu
– East Asian Island
– Filled with endless supply of gold
– Inspired generations to look eastward to Asia
dreaming of wealth
The British in India
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With sea routes, trade opened up to Asia
No longer difficult overland routes
British trade dates back to the 1500s
In 1600, traders formed the East India
Company—very powerful and influential
comapany
The British in India
• After founding of East India Company, they built
trading posts and forts throughout India
• The French East India Company also built
trading posts and forts
• Robert Clive, East India Company agent, used
British and Indian troops to defeat the French at
the Battle of Plassey
• British expanded their influence with wars and
commercial activities
The British in India
The Sepoy Rebellion
• As a result of steady expansion, the East India
Company came to control most of India by 1857
• Sepoys were Indian Soldiers
– They rebelled against their British commanders
– There had been an earlier rebellion about the British
coating the bullets for the new rifles with the fat of
pigs and cows. The sepoys, soldiers in the British
army, were outraged
– Hindus regard cows as sacred and Muslims cannot
touch pigs
The British in India
The Sepoy Rebellion
• Before the greased bullet rumor, the sepoys
resented the attempts by the British to convert
them to Christianity and European customs
• Sepoy rebellion spread across northern and
central India, often killing British men, women,
and children
• British forces put down the uprising with great
bloodshed—bitterness on both sides
• British tighten control
• Sent viceroy to rule—representing the king
• Treaties secured loyalty of independent states
The British in India
Indian Nationalism
• British try to quell unrest by investing
– Built roads, railway system, telegraph line, schools,
universities, canals
• British officials discriminate against Indians:
attempted to change ways
– Farmers told to grow cotton for British textile mills
instead of wheat: million starved
• Indians formed the Indian National Congress to
seek independence through political action
China Faces the West
• Britain and other European countries trade
with China
• During 1500s, Chinese civilization is highly
advanced
– Little interest in European products
– Limited trade during next 300 years
• Under Qing Dynasty, China’s political,
economic and military position languishes
• Qing emperors ruled 1644-1912
China Faces the West
The Unequal Treaties
• British merchants use opium to break trade
barrier with China
– In exchange for silk, tea, and porcelain—and to avoid
paying cash—merchants smuggled in opium
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Drug came from India and turkey
Opium would be worth lots of $ on the market
China attempts to stop the opium trade
British gun ships put down China’s resistance
China lacks modern weapons
China Faces the West
The Unequal Treaties
• British victory in the opium war led to Treaty of
Nanking in 1842
– First of many “unequal treaties” over 60 years
– Yield many rights to western powers
– Granted British war payments and the island of Hong
Kong
– British citizens permitted to live under different laws
– Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) weakened Qing
Dynasty
China Faces the West
The Unequal Treaties
• In 1890s, European powers and Japan
claimed large sections of china as spheres
of influence—exclusive trading rights
• United States did not claim sphere of
influence
• U.S. tried to open trade relations through
the Open Door Policy
– Other powers reluctantly agreed to this policy
in 1899
China Faces the West
Chinese Responses
• Some reformers in China did attempt to
modernize and end some Western
practices of extraterritoriality
– Lack of government support
– China remained weak and lost war with Japan
in 1894—Japan gained island of Taiwan,
Liaodong Peninsula, trading benefits, and
influence in Korea
China Faces the West
Chinese Responses
• China launches 100 days of reform under
young emperor under Guang Xu (gwangSHYOO)
– Attempt to modernize
– Conservative led by his mother, Ci Xi
(TSUH*SEE) returned to power, arrested th
emperor, and halted the reforms
China Faces the West
Chinese Responses
• Anti-foreign feelings led to secret societies
– The Righteous and Harmonious Fists
• Practiced Chinese form of boxing
• Westerners called them the “Boxers”
• Boxers carried out attacks against foreigners and
Chinese Christians
– Western powers and Japan sent multinational
force and put down the rebellion
China Faces the West
The Revolution of 1911
• Chinese people lost confidence in Ci Xi
and Qing Dynasty
– Revolutionaries wanted reform
– Sun Yat-sen, a doctor, was revolutionary
leader
• Formed the United league-Guomingdang
(Nationalist Party)
China Faces the West
The Revolution of 1911
• Nationalist Party goal to modernize based
on three principles
– Nationalism—no foreign control
– Democracy—representative government
– Livelihood—good economy
• The Qing Dynasty weakened further and
an uprising from workers, soldiers, and
court officials swept Sun Yat-sen into office
Modernization in Japan
• Japan resisted trade with the West
• Cut off all trade with West until early 1600s
• Military commander called shogun ruled
Japan
• Japan had an emperor but basically no
power
Modernization of Japan
• In 1853, Commodore Mathew C. Perry
sailed into the bay at Edo (Tokyo) Japan
and proposed a trade treaty
– Japan, concerned about what happened with
China, signed the agreement
The Meiji Leaders
• Other treaties followed with European
nations: Britain, France, Holland, etc
– All favored the European nations
– Unhappy with the situation, the Japanese
replaced the shogun leader with a new
emperor, Mutsuhito
• Known as the Meiji (MAY*jee) “enlightened” leader
• Japan’s new leaders were called Meiji
The Meiji Leaders
• Attempted to make Japan a great power
• Japan wanted to compete with Europe
– Their slogan: “Rich country, strong military”
– Introduced parliamentary government
– Boosted the military
– Moved forward with industrialization
– Universal education
• Goal: loyal, skilled citizens
Industrialization
• Revised the tax structure for “seed” money
• Developed modern currency
• Built infrastructure
– Postal, telegraph, railroads, ports
• Growing population—cheap labor
• By 1914, Japan had become a leading
industrial nation
Japan as a World Power
• Japan began to look to increase its
strength further
– Korea was the likely choice for imperialistic
actions
• Japan gained partial control over Korean
trade
• But, Russia also had interests in Korea
Japan as a World Power
• Japan and Russia fought the RussoJapanese War
– Japan defeated Russia
– The Battle of Port Arthur was the deciding
battle
• Japan’s defeat of Russia was significant
because a non-European nation had
defeated a European nation
Southeast Asia
• Islands
– The East Indies
– The Philippines
• Mainland
– To the north and west is Southeast Asia
• Includes Indochina and Malay Peninsula
• Review map for review of colonizers
The Islands of Southeast Asia
• When the Philippines helped the United
States defeat Spain in 1898, the U.S.
promised to give them independence
– The U.S. broke its promise and rule the
Philippines as a colony
– Philippines rose up against the U.S., but the
U.S. defeated them.
Mainland Southeast Asia
• Struggles between Europeans for
economic control brought destruction and
disturbance to Southeast Asia
– Traditional ways of life changed
– Forced to grow cash crops
– Forced to work mines