Transcript NATIONALIST MOVEMENTS 1789

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
AND IMPERIALISM
UNIT 7
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
 The Industrial Revolution (1700-1900) refers to the greatly increased output of
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machine-made goods
The Industrial Revolution began in England because of the country’s abundant
coal and iron resources
Urbanization – the growth of cities and the migration of people into them
Negative effects of urbanization – breakdown of traditions, pollution, slums
The factory system led to increased urbanization, increased productivity of
industrial workers, and unsafe working conditions
Spinning and weaving machinery increased the number of workers in the
textile industry because the demand for the goods increased as goods became
cheaper to produce
The steam engine revolutionized transportation in 1800s
Railroads helped promote the factory system and urbanization
Middle class increased in number and power in Western Europe
CHILD MINER IN BRITAIN
CAPITALISM
 Capitalism – economy that relies on a free trade and a market system
 Entrepreneurs are business owners who work to make profits
 Laissez-Faire – economy where prices are based on supply and demand;
economy is based on free trade; government should not interfere in relations
between workers and business owners
 Adam Smith wrote The Wealth of Nations; the book expresses his belief that
governments should follow a laissez-faire, capitalist policy
 Laissez-faire economists argued that individuals should be allowed to pursue
their self-interest in a free market
SOCIALISM AND COMMUNISM
 Socialism - an economic system in which the factors of
production are owned by the public and operate for the
welfare of all
 Communism - an economic system in which all the means
of production, such as land, mines, factories, railroads, and
businesses, are owned by the government; private property
does not exist and all goods and services are shared
equally
THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO
 The Communist Manifesto was written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in
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1848
It expresses the idea that profits from work should belong to the workers, not
the business owners
Marx and Engels believed that industrialization benefited the wealthy and
exploited the poor; economic conditions would improve if workers controlled the
means of production
Proletariat = the working class
Marx predicted that laissez-faire capitalism would result in a revolution led by
the proletariat (Russian Revolution of 1917)
Marx and Engels encouraged workers to overthrow the capitalist system
They also believed that all the evils of industrial society would disappear once
communism became the political and economic system of a country
Marx claimed that history is the record of the struggle between social classes
KARL MARX
EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM
 European nations were motivated to benefit their own economies in the 19th
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century (1800s) by exploiting the resources and people located throughout their
colonial empires
European powers had a desire for cheap raw materials and expanded markets
The technological and military superiority of Western European nations allowed
them to dominate large parts of Asia and Africa in the 19th and 20th centuries
Social Darwinism – some Europeans and Americans believed stronger groups
have the right to rule and control weaker groups
“White Man’s Burden” – Europeans had negative views toward people of the
non-Western world and they felt it was their responsibility to “tame the savages”
EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM POLITICAL CARTOON
EUROPEAN POWERS DIVIDE AFRICA
 Berlin Conference of 1884 – Africa was divided without regard to ethnic
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groups and cultural diversity
European nations desired Africa for its raw materials and to set up new markets
Diamonds and gold are discovered in southern Africa; this led to conflict
between the British and Dutch
British defeated Zulus and gain control of Zulu nation in 1887
Boer War (1899) – British and Boers (Dutch farmers) fought over rights to land
and slaves; British won
Boer republics are united in a new nation called the Union of South Africa
(1910)
Africans became economically dependent on European nations as a result of
partitioning
BOER WAR PHOTOGRAPH
EUROPEAN POWERS IN AFRICA MAP
FOREIGN INFLUENCE IN CHINA
 Opium War (1839) - war caused by opium trade from Britain
 China loses the war to more modern British navy
 Treaty of Nanjing (1842) - gives British control of Hong Kong
 In 1844, other nations win extraterritorial rights; rights mean foreigners
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exempt from laws at Chinese ports
One result of the Opium War is that China was divided into spheres of
influence
Spheres of influence = area in which a foreign nation controlled trade and
investment
Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan set up spheres of influence by
taking advantage of China’s military weakness
United States initiates the Open Door Policy in 1899 - Chinese trade open to
all nations
OPIUM WAR PAINTING
SPHERES OF INFLUENCE
BOXER REBELLION
 Chinese secret organization of anti-government, anti-European
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peasants
In 1900, they launch Boxer Rebellion
Chinese society of Boxers wanted foreigners out of their country so
they massacred 300 foreigners and Christian Chinese
Rebels take Beijing, but U.S. and European military forces defeated
them
Though rebellion fails, Chinese nationalism surges
MEIJI RESTORATION OF JAPAN
 Japan wanted to expand its power in the 1860s
 Japan’s scarcity of natural resources resulted in the nation becoming an
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importer of raw materials
1867 – Tokugawa shogun stepped down, ending the military dictatorships that
had lasted since the 12th century
New Japanese emperor Mutsuhito is only 15 years old.
Meiji means “Enlightened rule”
Emperor’s goal was to strengthen Japan’s military and economic status; they
feared they would be colonized by foreign powers
Meiji leaders studied and adapted to Western ways in order to modernize and
emerge as an imperial power
1871 – Meiji leaders embark on a mission to learn about Western governments,
economic systems, customs, and technology
EMPEROR MUTSUHITO IN WESTERN-STYLE
CLOTHING
IMPERIAL JAPAN
 Sino-Japanese War (1894) – Japan drove the Chinese out of Korea,
destroyed the Chinese navy, and established control in Manchuria
 Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) – Russia wanted control of
Manchuria and Korea; Japan defeated Russia and emerged as a world
power
 Japanese attacked Korea in 1905 and annexed it Korea; Korea was
now under Japanese control
BRITISH IMPERIALISM IN INDIA
 British East India Company ruled India until 1850s
 Indians are forced to produce raw materials for British manufacturing and buy
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British goods
British held much of political and economic power
Indian life disrupted by missionaries and racist attitudes; Indians could not unite
due to differences in language and religion
British modernized India’s economy, transportation and improved public health
Sepoy Rebellion (1857) – Sepoys (Indian soldiers who served under British
command) rebelled due to religious reasons; rebellion crushed; Britain rules
India until 1947
Britain introduced a parliamentary form of government to India