Transcript Europeans against the Muslim world

Imperialism in India and China
Imperialism against Muslim led
empires and Isolated China
Declining Empires
Many empires were in decline in the early 1800s, the
Muslim led empires were no exception:
1) Mughals of India
2) Ottomans of the mid-East
3) Safavids of Iran
Ottoman’s Decline
The ottoman empire was controlled by power-hungry provincial
rulers, which weakened the authority of the central government.
Ottoman Empire was composed of diverse ethnicities
nationalism sparked revolts
The capital city was Istanbul, but many still called it
Constantinople. This is the time period when the
name change took place, remember that
Byzantium= Constantinople=Istanbul
Depending who is ruling, names change
*Present day Turkey*
Armenian (Christian) Massacre
The Ottoman empire allowed many minorities to live throughout the empire and
practice their own faiths. But as Nationalism grows tolerance weakened
These tensions triggered a massacre of the Armenians, a Christian group
concentrated in the mountains of the Ottoman Empire .
The Turks accused the Armenians of
plotting with Russians against the
Ottoman Empire.
Over one million were killed between
the 1890s and 1910s
Genocide
The Armenian massacre is an act of genocide:
Deliberate attempt to destroy an entire
religious or ethnic group
Genocide has occurred in
many regions, in many time
periods, including today:
•Rwanda
•Darfur (Sudan)
•Bosnia
•Congo
•Uganda
British in India
Though the Mughals were in charge of India, the British began
exerting control in the 1600s. (Protectorate)The British started the
British East India company to oversee their trading empire in India.
The main goal of the British was to make money, but they also had a
positive side effect:
-built roads to improve transportation
-built railroads to move goods and people faster
-founded schools to promote western thought
Why would the schools in India be
promoting western thought?
They can promote western
values to the children, who
grow up believing it
Why India?
Remember the three
motives for
imperialism:
-Economic (hungry)
-Political (King Kong)
-Humanitarian
Which motive
does this image
demonstrate?
British Missionaries
Missionaries tried to convert Indians away from their religions
Buddhism
Hinduism
(___________)
and ( ______________).
-Wanted to end slavery and the caste system
-Outlawed the sati- a suicide by a widow upon her
husbands death fire.
Missionaries spread Christianity and worked
to ‘civilize’ the Indians.
Officially outlawed 1829
“Comprehending why a woman would choose to commit sati, however, requires the
removal of our western lenses. The act of self-immolation of widows on their
husband’s funeral pyre may be construed as a horrific act by the Westerner but in India
cases of sati have been documented in their culture for hundreds of years (Oldenburg
1994: 165). ” More important, the symbolic significance of sati is intricately intertwined in
the Hindu belief system.
Was it right for the British
to outlaw Sati in 1829?
Why or why not
Rebellion
Many areas of India resisted British Rule
which required direct rule, with occupying
forces of troops. (colonies)
The British built long tracks of railroads so
they could quickly move troops to trouble
areas, and move goods from the interior
to the coast for shipment.
Sepoy Rebellion
Sepoy= Indian soldiers for the British
Army
In the 1950s the British took several
unpopular steps:
-Sepoys could serve anywhere,
domestically or abroad
-Widows can remarry
Sepoy Rebellion
These measures don’t seem severe until you realize:
-High caste Hindus cannot travel overseas as a part of their belief
system
-Hinduism prohibits a woman to re-marry if her husband passes
The Indians see these changes as a way to force Christian and
Western ideals onto the Hindus.
Final Insult- Sepoy Rebellion
In 1857 the British East India Trading Company gave the Sepoy troops new guns
with new ammunition. To load the gun, they had to bite off the tip of the
cartridges. However, these cartridges were sealed with animal fat, either cow
or pig. The problem?
Sacred to Hindus
Forbidden to Muslims
Rebellion 1857
Angry Sepoys rebelled and marched to Delhi, where they called for support from
fellow Indians, Muslims and Hindus;
“It is well known to all, that in this age the
people of [India], both Hindus and
Muslims, are being ruined under the
tyranny and oppression of the infidel and
treacherous English. It is therefore the duty
of all the wealthy people of India… to
stake their lives and property for the well
being of the public.”
The Sepoys brutally murdered British men, women and children.
Suppression
The British troops rallied and killed thousands of unarmed Indians.
a. Parliament abolished the East India Trading
company and established direct rule.
b. More British troops occupied India
c. Taxes were raised to pay for occupation
Famines
The British soon convinced the Indians to grow cash crops such as
Cotton and Opium instead of food crops needed to feed the growing
population. This led to a number of famines in the 1800s and 1900s.
The Indians were forced to
Many Indians sank into poverty, with nearly 10 million perishing over
grow cash crops like cotton and
the course of British rule.
opium instead of food causing
starvation. What situation does
this resemble?
**Warning: This next
video is quite graphic**
The “Brightest Jewel”
India was source of pride to British Imperialists. Rule under the British was a mixed
bag, with both positives and negatives
Positives
Negatives
-Updated law code
-Telegraph and postal
communication systems
-Improved transportation with Roads
and Railroads
-Increased world trade
-British forced reforms despite
offending religion and traditions
-Viewed Indians as inferior to British
-forced to grow cash crops reduced
the food supply
-exploited Indian labor and resources
China
In the 1700s China had strict trading limits with
foreigners. European merchants were only allowed in
South China.
The Chinese sold silk, tea and porcelain for gold and
silver.
This led to a favorable balance of trade for the Chinese- they
were exporting more than importing. Claimed they wanted
nothing from the West.
It also led to a trade deficit for the Europeans who were
importing more than exporting from China.
Opium
The British eventually discovered they could sell Indian
grown Opium to the Chinese in exchange for tea and
money, leading to huge profits.
Opium is made from the poppy plant, which grows
abundantly in Europe. It is HIGHLY addictive.
The British had a strict ban on opium in
England, but continued to export it to
China. Right or wrong?
Post Thanksgiving Review
Before break we were
discussing imperialism. You
need to know:
-motives
-forms
-white man’s burden
-examples such as British
India, Chinese spheres of
influence, Africa, etc.
-Events such as the Boer war,
Opium war, Sepoy
Rebellion, etc.
6:30-13:25 & 15:40- 17:15 & 20:5623:46
Opium Wars 1839-1842
Eventually the Chinese used force, firing upon British Ships carrying Opium.
However, the British had better weapons than the Chinese and soon
defeated them.
In 1842 the Chinese were forced to sign the Nanjing treaty. The British
gained:
-Money
-Hong Kong
-opened trading with the Chinese
-Favored nation clause
Chinese Spheres of Influence
The Western powers viewed
this defeat as a sign that China
was weak, and they began
carving out spheres of
influence
Taiping Rebellion 1850-1864
By the early 1800s China was riddled with corruption. Government officials
abused their power, the rich avoided paying taxes, and the peasants were left
to shoulder the economic burden.
The peasants revolted and were led by Hong Xiuquan,
who encouraged morality, public ownership of land and
an end to the Qing dynasty.
This became the most devastating revolt in history, and
20-30 million Chinese were killed.
Open Door Policy 1899
The Americans did not join in the race for Spheres of Influence in China.
Instead, they proposed an Open Door Policy. This policy would open trade in
China to all.
-equal trading rights for all
nations
-stop further expansion but
did not help restore Chinese
Sovereignty
Boxer Rebellion 1900
Fed up with the foreign invaders, many Chinese nationalists
fought back. They began the Boxer Rebellion to force out the
Foreign Devils.
The Boxers attacked communities where
Westerners lived and any Chinese who
had converted to Christianity. The foreign
countries recognized this as a threat and
quickly crushed the rebellion.
3:16
China Evolves
After the Boxer Rebellions the Chinese finally accept the fact that they must
modernize. The Empress Ci Xi died, finally giving reformers a chance to set up a
republic. For the next 20 years China would fight its self to become a stable, strong
nations, without foreign control.
The Chinese set up a republic, but it struggled to
stabilize the nation. Soon, a communist
government is established and the Chinese
continue to exist under a communist rule.
Review
Which statement best expresses the motive for 19thcentury European imperialism?
1. Living space was needed for the excess population of
Western Europe
2. European leaders believed imperialism was an
effective method of reducing the number of wars
3. European nations would benefit from some aspects of
the conquered nation’s culture
4. Imperialism would benefit the economies of the
colonial powers
Review
The borders that were established for many African
nations during the late 1800s were based primarily on
1.
2.
3.
4.
Natural geographic barriers
Easy access to natural resources
Territorial claims of colonial rulers
Cultural differences between ethnic groups
Review
In 19th-century China, the Opium War resulted in
1. The control of Hong Kong being returned to China
2. The removal of all British naval forces from china
3. An increase in European spheres of influence in
China
4. The rejection of Buddhism by the Chinese people
Review
“Compared to other peoples of the world we have the greatest (largest)
population and our civilization is four thousand years old…Today we are
the poorest and weakest nation in the world and occupy the lowest
position in international affairs. Other men are the carving knife and
serving dish, we are the fish and the meat. As a consequence…we are
being transformed everywhere into a colony of the foreign powers.”
Which events formed the basis for the ideas expressed in this early
1900’s passage?
1. Opium war and boxer Rebellion
2. Mau Mau uprising and adoption of apartheid
3. Sepoy mutiny and the slat march
4. Haitian Revolution and Cortes’ march on Mexico City
Review
During the 18th and 19th centuries, Europeans improved
roads and bridges and built railroads in their colonies
primarily to
1. Provide jobs for all children
2. obtain raw materials needed for
industrialization
3. Impress the colonists with their technological
knowledge
4. Help missionaries spread Christianity