Transcript The West and the World

ImperialismChina/Japan
Honors World
History
Imperialism
 Fueled industrialization;
industrialized nations had a
“leg up” on most of the
world
 They used their
technological advantage to
subdue non-Western
nations
Contrasting Colonialism and Imperialism
 Colonialism:
 Indirect rule; get raw materials and ship them to the mother
country; have similar if not equal rights; settlements; older form of
European relationships with non-Western world
 Imperialism:
 – Direct rule; occupation; territories have few rights; exist to serve
as market for the mother country; starts in mid-late 19th century
Imperialist Ambitions
 Starts after the unification of
Germany and Italy
 New problem: Central Europe is no
longer a playground for the great
powers of Europe
 Imperialism: expansion of empire by
gaining territories to rule as a sign of
prestige
 Inherent in imperialism is racial
superiority; European nations
believed themselves to be better
because of their “dominant” culture
(military and technological)
Attitudes and Foundations of Imperialism
 Social Darwinism led many to
believe that they were superior
because of their advancements
 Technological superiority enabled
European states to take over less
advanced states
 “Improving impulse” fueled
imperialists, who desired to raise
the rest of the world to European
levels of culture (considered to be
the best and highest form of human
life)
 Belief in racial superiority: ex.
British assimilated themselves at
the top of the Indian caste system
European Economic Dominance
 As industry continues to grow, new markets and raw material
sources were sought
 European nations found overseas possessions to be the answer to
both problems
 By owning these lands, European powers continued to enrich
themselves and simultaneously export their own culture and
ideals
Communication Improvements
 Telegraph, telephone and rapid sea transit through steam powered
vessels makes ruling easier
 European monarchs and presidents are able to rule through
intermediaries such as viceroys and other people immediately
accountable to the heads of state
 European dominance asserted through impressive military
victories and native peoples are subdued (ex. Omdurman)
China’s Relationship with the West
 Reasons for Western Interest in China
 Western traders were interested in Chinese silks, tea, ceramics,
spices, etc. (since Marco Polo-13th Century)
 Western missionaries wanted to convert Chinese to Christianity
 19th century spirit of imperialism encouraged the conquering of
territory
 China would be an open market for European manufactured
goods
Reaction of Chinese Government
 Restricted activities of
missionaries
 Willing to sell goods to Europeans
but believed Europeans had
nothing to offer
 Europeans had to follow tribute
system – in which a suitable gift
had to be presented to Emperor
Reaction of Chinese Government
 Chinese considered all non-Chinese BARBARIANS
 China limited European trade to port of Canton until 1757
Opium Wars (1839-42)
 British sought markets for their opium crops in Afghanistan
and a means of balancing trade
 Defeated China, forcing them to accept opium trade and
wrested control of port which becomes Hong Kong
Opium
 British ships
cruised the
Chinese coast
supplying opium
 Many Chinese
addicted – led to
less production
and harmful
effects on families
Chests of Opium Brought Into China
Opium Wars (1839-42)
 Causes
 China enjoyed a favorable
balance of trade with Britain
 Britain frustrated with China’s
failure to buy British products
 British had been making
enormous profits off of opium
trade (from poppy plant in India
 Chinese government appealed to
British government to stop
 Chinese government took action
– confiscated and destroyed
British shiploads of opium
 British sent warships – Let’s
Fight!
Treaty of Nanking 1842
 “unequal treaty”
 Forced China to open five ports to trade
 Concessions
 Hong Kong was ceded to Britain
 China had to pay $21 million to Britain = indemnity
 Extraterritoriality = foreigners could live in treaty ports –
exempt from Chinese laws
 Chinese not allowed to set tariffs in treaty ports
Taiping Rebellion 1850-1864
 Causes
 Hong Xiuchuan – leader
– self-declared brother of
Jesus
 Called for social reforms
 Divide land according to
household size
 Treat women as equals;
organized into fighting
units
 Wanted to set up Taiping
(Great Peace) Heavenly
Kingdom
Taiping Rebellion – Civil War
 Manchu rulers faced
internal
dissatisfaction and
peasant unrest
 Several rebellions
occurred
 Foreign nations
were afraid trade
would be disrupted
Taiping Rebellion - Effects
 One of the most destructive civil wars in history – 20 million
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people died
Foreign nations sent troops
Manchu government suffered a loss of power and prestige
because of foreign presence – signs of Manchu emperor
losing Mandate of Heaven
Led to a questioning within China
Many scholars believed China wanted to adopt some of
Western technological achievements
Some industrialization was made
“too little, too late” – not enough to stop Western inroads
Open Door Policy 1899
 Proposed by US Secretary of State John Hay
 Purpose: prevent US exclusion from trade with China
 US encouraged Western nations to adopt this policy – that all
nations would have equal trading rights in China and would
recognize the territorial integrity of China
Boxer Rebellion 1900
 Chinese rebellion against
foreign presence in China
and the Empress’ inability
to do anything about it
 Boxers = Righteous
Order of Harmonious
Fists
 Symbol = clenched fist
Boxer Rebellion
 Boxers organized attacks against Chinese Christians and
foreigners
 Killed about 250 foreigners and attacked embassies in Beijing
where the foreigners fled for protection
 Troops held off Boxers for two months
 Western response:
 An international relief force of 20,000 American, French,
British, German, Russian, and Japanese troops put down the
rebellion
 Chinese had to pay indemnities to each foreign nation and had
to allow foreign troops within the capital
Opening Japan
 Historically, Japanese had expelled
all Europeans
 Mainly feudal society
 One Japanese port remained open
once a year to European trade with
the Dutch
 United States asserts itself in 1853
 Recovering shipwrecked sailors
from maltreatment
 Commodore Matthew C. Perry
sailed into Edo bay with a major
gunship force to open negotiations
 Edo was location of new shogunate
 Some daimyo tried to fight US
forces and were demolished
Results of Perry’s Visit: Treaty of
Kanagawa 1854
 Japan’s Reaction: amazed by fire power of US warships; were
against American demands but realized American technology was
more powerful; decided to cooperate and learn US technology
 Japan agreed to allow US ships to refuel and resupply in
Japanese ports
 Japan agreed to aid shipwrecked sailors (instead of killing
them!)
 Japan agree to trade with US in two ports
 Many Japanese saw Tokugawa shogun as weak because he
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agreed to US terms
Other countries like Britain, Netherlands, and Russia signed
similar agreements with Japan
Americans got right of extraterritoriality
Known as the “unequal treaties”
Japan wanted to avoid being carved up into spheres of
influence like China – so they adapted quickly to the new
technology
 Sadahide (sa-dah-hee-day) was one of the few artists who
drew Yokohama from direct observation
 Foreigners in Treaty-Port 1859-1872
1868 – Meiji Restoration
 Daimyo overthrew Tokugawa
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Shogun due to his weakness
Motto: “Revere the emperor
and expel the barbarians!”
Restored 15-year old
Emperor Matsuhito to power
Ended 700 year rule of
shogunate
Moved capital from Kyoto to
Edo (Tokyo)
1868 – Meiji Restoration
 “Meiji” = “peace and enlightenment”
 100 daimyo ruled in name of the emperor and used Western
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technology to modernize Japan
Plan: borrow Western inventions, technology, and
institutions that would enable Japan to take its place among
the world’s great powers
Abolished feudalism
Divided daimyo land into prefectures ruled by governors;
paid daimyo for the land
Goal: “a rich nation, a strong army”
Ended samurai’s official status as warrior class by requiring
peasants to serve in military on equal basis
 1877 – Saigo Takamori
led an army of 40,000
samurai to overthrow
Meiji government
 9 months of bloody
fighting – rebellion was
finally crushed and Saigo
committed seppuku
Japanese Reforms- Meiji Restoration
 New land tax based on land ownership and paid in cash
 New monetary system based on the yen
 Modern banking system
 Created a postal system
 Created a telegraph system
 Built railroad lines connecting key cities and ports
 Improved harbors to help shipping and trade
 Built factories and mills to industrialize Japan
 Brought in experts and engineers from Western nations to teach them
 Set up technical schools
Japanese Reforms- Meiji Restoration
 Opened up weapons factories and naval shipyards to build up
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Japan’s military power
Built a modern army and navy
Zaibatsu – family business monopolies that worked with
Japanese government to build economy (ex. Mitsubishi)
Visited Western nations to learn from businesspeople,
industrialists, government officials and military leaders
Created a national system of public education to train Japan
to be a modern society
Japan’s March of Aggression
 Real plan: Modernize and create the Greater East Asia Co-
Prosperity Sphere
 Become the greatest power in Asia, subordinate other Asian
nations to Japan
 Asian nations would provide Japan with raw materials and
markets and Japan would sell them manufactured goods and
provide protection
Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895
 Japan v. China
 Over Korea (“buffer zone”)
 Japan overran Korea and
entered Manchuria
 Destroyed Chinese fleet
 Treaty of Shimonoseki: Japan
got Formosa (Taiwan) and a
piece of Manchuria from
China
Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905
 Japan v. Russia
 Russia took their spot in Manchuria and seized control of
naval base at Port Arthur
 1904 – launched surprise attack on Russian fleet at Port
Arthur, sinking part of the Russian fleet – destroyed whole
fleet (38 ships) by 1905
 Treaty of Portsmouth – arranged by Teddy Roosevelt; Japan
back in Manchuria and took Korea