Transcript Chapter 22 The High Tide of Imperialism

20
The High Tide of Imperialism
Ch 20 and 21
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Colonial Southeast Asia, c. 1850
The Spread of Colonial Rule
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Africa and Asia a source of raw materials and markets for
European manufactured goods
Motives for expansion:
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Economic
National grandeur
Moral purposes
No longer happy to deal with independent states;
maintaining access important
Competition for control over territories sphere of influence
“Opportunity in the Orient”: Colonial Takeover in
Southeast Asia
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Malay Peninsula
Singapore
Burma
Vietnam
Philippines
Colonial Regimes in Southeast
Asia
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Primary aim was economic
Indirect rule
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Slow to create democratic institutions
Slow to adopt educational reforms
Reluctant to take up “white man’s burden”
Slow economic development
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Burma
Malaya
Indochina
Some manufacturing in urban areas
Problems with growth of cash crops
Problems of population growth
“Modernizing elite”
Rudyard Kipling- White Man’s Burden
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Africa Before World War I
Empire Building in Africa
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The Growing European Presence in West Africa
 Slave trade
• Abolished by all major countries in the world by 1880s
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“Legitimate trade”
More permanent presence
• Gold Coast and Sierra Leone
• Liberia
New class of Africans
 “Informal Empire”
Imperialist Shadow over the Nile
 Napoleon
 Muhammad Ali
 Suez Canal, 1854-1869
 Sudan
 Algiers
Arab Merchants and European Missionaries in East Africa
Bantus, Boers, and British in South Africa
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The Scramble for Africa
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European rivalries
Trade
Missionary factor
Superiority in firearms
Belgium’s claim on the Congo
Conference of Berlin, 1884
Britain and France at Fashoda; France backs down
Cape Colony
 Boer War, 1899-1902
Colonialism in Africa
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British attitude was to preserve African political traditions
Advantages of indirect rule
East Africa
 White settlers
Southern Africa
 Independent Union of South Africa
• Representative government
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France used direct rule
 Assimilation of Africans into French culture
Moral and social responsibility
 Racial consciousness
The British Empire
What
does
this
cartoon
mean?
And this one?
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
The Struggle for South Africa
The Colonial System
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Resistance from societies with long traditions of national
cohesion
Direct and indirect rule
Philosophy of colonialism
 Darwinism
• Survival of the fittest
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Agent of civilization
• Bring the benefits of the West
• Assimilation/association
Colonialism in Action
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India Under the British Raj
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Some territories taken over directly by the East India
Company and later the British crown
• Others ruled by local maharajas and rajas
Order and stability
Attention to education
• Thomas Babington Macaulay
Outlaw sati
Introduced railroads, the telegraph, and postal service
British textiles put out of work those in the Indian textile
industry
Zamindar system
Failed to bring benefits of modern science and technology
Psychological effects
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
India Under British Rule,
1805-1931
Kicking India around
Gateway to India?
The Company Resident and His
Puppet
The Emergence of AntiColonialism
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Nationalism
Imperialism brought a consciousness of modern
nationhood
Introduction of western ideas of citizenship and
representative government
New elite
Traditional Resistance: A Precursor to Nationalism
 Led by existing ruling class
 Resistance in India
 Peasant revolts
 Religious resentment
• India -- Sepoy Rebellion
Discussion Questions
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What sparked the Scramble for Africa? What did
Europeans hope to gain from the colonization of Africa?
What benefits to Indians resulted from British rule of
India? What costs balanced those benefits?
Compare and contrast the British and French approach to
colonialism.
How did subject peoples respond to colonialism? How did
their response change over time?
Nationalism
& Imperialism
in Southeast
Asia,China
and Japan,
1815-1915
Opium War (1839-1842)
 Cause:.
Opium Wars
 Roots
in 1759 Emperor Qianlong restricted
European commercial presence to the port of
Guangzhou.
 Trade supervised under the cohong system. With
specially licensed Chinese firms operating under
government set prices.
Opium Wars
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Europeans had little the Chinese wanted to buy, but the
Europeans wanted Chinese goods.
British East India company started importing Opium into
China.
Addiction and Trade increased!
Chinese government attempted a trade ban. British
protested.
Opium War (1839) England
vs. China
Opium Wars
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Treaty of
Results: The British won and acquired Hong Kong as a
colony as well as a number of other privileges in China.
 Silver began flowing out of China.
 Missionaries-.
 Extraterritoriality:.
 Korea, Vietnam and Burma were released from Chinese
control
Unequal Treaties
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The British privileges in China were very soon acquired by
other countries in more “unequal” treaties, and resulted in
the subjugation and humiliation of China for the next 100
years.
Eventually led to “spheres of influence” China was divided
up into trading spheres, giving each European nation
exclusive trading rights to part of China.
Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864)
& the Boxer Rebellion (1900)
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were among the most violent efforts on the
part of Chinese “secret societies” which tried to
drive out the Westerners and overthrow the
Manchus.
 Both rebellions were put down by Western troops.
Taiping Rebellion
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The Taiping Rebellion resulted from many factors The decline of the Qing dynasty
The enormous population pressures that China faced in the
mid-nineteenth century
The introduction of Western ideologies and religions into
Chinese society.
Taiping Rebellion
 Hong
Xiuquan –
Boxer Rebellion 1899-1900
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There was a Chinese nationalist uprising in 1899-1900
against foreigners, the representatives of alien powers, and
Chinese Christians. Expulsion of all foreigners from China
was the ultimate objective of the uprising. The name
Boxers (Yi He Quan) refers to “-
Boxers
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In 1899 the Boxers, a secret society of Chinese, began a
campaign of terror against Christian missionaries in the
northeastern provinces. Although the Boxers were
officially denounced, they were secretly supported by
many of the royal court, including the dowager empress
Cixi (Tz'u Hsi).
Boxer Rebellion
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On June 21, 1900, after the Empress declared war on all
foreign powers, the Boxers began a two-month assault on
the legations in Beijing.
An international force of Japanese, Russian, German,
American, British, Italian and Austro-Hungarian troops put
down the uprising by August 14.
Spelled the end of the Qing Dynasty.
US Open Door Policy (1900)
Empress Dowager Tzu Hsi
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Conservative,
Reactionary
Ruler of China for 50 yrs
The “The Last Emperor”
Pu Yi (1908-1911)
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Was replaced by a
Republic in 1911 under
the leadership of Sun Yatsen
Sun Yat-sen
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Founded the Republic of China
based on the “Three Principles
of the People”
 Nationalism
 Liberalism &
 Peoples’ Livelihood
JAPAN
Meiji Restoration,
1867
 Meiji
means “-”
 Tozama Daimyo, Industrial Leaders & Wealthy
Farmers cooperatively overthrew the Tokugawa
Shogunate and established a new government for
Japan which was based on “Modernization &
Westernization.”
Matthew Perry
“Gunboat
In 1853, the U.S. sent a fleet of ships under the
Diplomacy”
command of to Japan in order to
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end the nation’s self-imposed isolation and open it
to trade. Soon, the Britain, Russia, and Holland
negotiated similar treaties.
Meiji
Restoration
In 1868, Emperor Mutsushito was restored to the
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throne. He decided that in order to withstand the
imperialistic might of the West, Japan would need
to adopt western ways. This movement would be
known as the-
Meiji
Restoration
The Meiji took advantage of the fact that Japan
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was less geographically strategic than the Chinese.
 Left to their own devices, the Japanese created a
remarkable state that built the foundations for
Japan as a world power.
Sino-Japanese War
(1894-1895)
 Cause:
Conflict over Korea
 Results: Japan won and increased its influence in
Korea.
 Japan also took Taiwan.
Russo-Japanese War (19041905)
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Cause: Conflict over Korea & Manchuria
Results: Japan won and increased its influence in these
areas.
Japan’s global respect & prestige also increased.
Annexation of Korea
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a result of repeated protests
& demonstrations on the part of Koreans against
Japan, Japan forced Korea into colonial status, and
took total control of its government and society
from 1910-1945.