Ancient History of Asia Before & After the Westerners Came Outline Ancient civilizations in Asia Empires and dynasties Qin Dynasty tributary system After Westerners came Opium War Meiji Restoration.
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Transcript Ancient History of Asia Before & After the Westerners Came Outline Ancient civilizations in Asia Empires and dynasties Qin Dynasty tributary system After Westerners came Opium War Meiji Restoration.
Ancient History of Asia
Before & After the
Westerners Came
Outline
Ancient civilizations in Asia
Empires and dynasties
Qin Dynasty
tributary system
After Westerners came
Opium War
Meiji Restoration
Mesopotamia
First known civilization (7,000 B.C.)
Earliest cities (3,500 B.C.)
Became part of the
Persian Empire in
6th century B.C.
Indus Valley Civilization
Bronze Age culture (2500 B.C.-1700 B.C.)
Cities dominated by large public buildings
Invasion by Aryans
from the north in
1500 B.C.
Chinese Civilization
Shang Dynasty (1,600 B.C. - 1,047 B.C.)
31 kings of same family
weak central control
written record
Zhou Dyn. (1047-256 B.C.)
Qin Dynasty (221-206 B.C.)
Qin Shi Huang (``First Emperor of Qin”)
Unification
Centralized control
laws, measures, currency, roads, Great Wall,
thinking
Later Dynasties
Han (206 B.C. - 220 A.D.)
Jin (265 - 420)
Sui (581 - 618)
Tang (618 - 907)
Song (960 - 1279)
Yuan (1271 - 1368)
Ming (1368 - 1644)
China’s Tributary System
Traditional system for managing foreign
relations
The ``Central Kingdom” worldview
Ming dynasty (1368 - 1644) had the most
extensive tributary system
tributes from East Asia, South Asia,
Southeast Asia, and even West Asia and
Africa
Zheng He’s fleet (1405-33)
Over 300 ships & 20,000 men
trade and commerce
Southeast Asia, South Asia,
West Asia, and East Africa
Zheng He’s expeditions
Ancient Southeast Asia
Buddhist kingdoms and empires
trade with East and South Asia
near continuous warfare
invasion by Mongols in the 1300’s
spread of Islam in 1400 - 1620
mosaic of small states
Cause of the Opium War
The Opium War (1840-42)
British navy captured Hong
Kong and defeated China
Historic Turning Point
Series of western invasions
Unequal treaties with Western powers
extraterritorial jurisdiction
tariffs subject to approval by Western powers
Shattered tributary system
Exacerbated domestic crises
Culminated in the fall of Qing dynasty
Japan’s Meiji Restoration
Similar challenges, different response
Japan’s 250-year seclusion
Commodore Matthew Perry’s warships
entered Tokyo Bay in 1853
Western Challenges
Series of treaties with Britain, France,
Russia, and the Netherlands
opening ports
low customs duties
extraterritorial jurisdiction
Domestic problems
Shogun (literally, ``general”) in Edo
(Tokyo) controlled the Emperor in Kyoto
Shogun’s government didn’t have strong
central control
Japan was divided into some 260
semiautonomous and mutually jealous
domains
Meiji Restoration - I
Broke down shogun’s polity
military coup
Created centralized national government
Used Emperor as focus of loyalty and symbol
of legitimacy
Incremental steps to replace the autonomous
domains with prefectures
Imperial Guard of 10,000 men
Meiji Restoration - II
Two most important constituencies:
samurai and farmers
samurai: privileges gradually removed
farmers: land-tax reform
eradicated payment in produce
basis for modern capitalist economy
109 million certificates of land ownership
Meiji Restoration - III
Education
established elementary schools
universal compulsory education
Military
universal conscription (citizen army)
Meiji Restoration - IV
Meiji Constitution of 1889
limited constitutional monarchy after
Bismarck’s Germany
male suffrage based on property rights
bicameral legislature with budgetary power
Emperor’s rights, prerogatives, and power
commanded the military
War Minister or Navy Minister from military
Self-modernization
Industrialization, technological
innovations, and growth of trade
New Imperialist Power
Japan defeated China in 1894-5
Japan defeated Russia in 1905
Theodore Roosevelt: ``if [the Japanese] win
out, it may possibly mean a struggle between
them and us in the future”
Japan annexed Korea in 1910
Asia by World War II