Transcript UNIT 9 - Samos

UNIT 9
-ing clauses: cause and effect
Study this sentence:
 Computers can communicate with
synthesisers, using MIDI.
It contains two clauses: A main
clause:
 Computers can communicate with
synthesisers
and an –ing clause:
 using MIDI
We can use –ing clauses to:
 Explain how something happens
 DVD drives read DVD disks (by) using
blue laser light.
 You can copy music files from a CD to your
hard disk (by) using a ripper.
 Using a ripper, you can copy music files
from a CD to your hard disk.
We can also use –ing clauses to:
 Show the effect of something


A WAV file may sample a song 44,000 times a
second (cause), creating a huge mass of
information (effect).
Many computer users download music albums
for free (cause), causing copyright problems
(effect).
Note: We don’t use ‘by’ before the –ing clause
when we describe the effect.
To sum up about –ing clauses
 -ing clauses can
show how
something
happens:


You can copy music
files in your hard
disk (how?)…
…(by) using a
ripper program.
 -ing clauses can
also show the
result of
something:


Sounds we don’t
hear are removed
from mp3 files (and
what’s the result?)…
…producing much
smaller files.