Transcript Document

Revision
Altogether twenty-two lectures are discussed in this
course. Now let’s roughly review what we have
learned this term:
Introduction
Grammatical hierarchy(语法层次)
• Grammar is the structural system of a language.
The grammar of the English language is
organized into five ranks:the sentence, the clause,
the phrase, the word, and the morpheme. Each
rank is composed of one or more than one
grammatical unit of the immediate lower rank.
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• Thus the sentence is a grammatical unit
that consists of one or more than one
clause; the clause, one or more than one
phrase; the phrase, one or more than one
word; and the word, one or more than one
morpheme.
• The sentence is the highest rank of
grammatical unit while the morpheme is
the minimum or the lowest rank. A full
sentence can generally be segmented rank
by rank down to its smallest constituents--the morphemes.
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一、动词的时态(Tense)
• In this lecture we discussed the features of tense
and we talked about uses of the present tense, the
future tense, the progressive tense, the perfective
tense, the contrast between the simple past and
the present perfective and the sequence of tenses.
二、动词的语态(Voice)
• As has been pointed out, a sentence/ clause
whose predicator (predicate verb) is active is
called an “active sentence”, and a sentence/
clause whose predicator (predicate verb) is
passive is called a “passive sentence”. The
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• subject in the active sentence is the agent or doer
of an action, and in the passive the recipient of
the action.
• In this lecture we discussed the use of active
voice and passive voice and some special points
that we should pay much attention to verb voices.
三、非谓语动词(Non-finite forms)
• English verb have three non-finite forms:
infinitive, participles and gerund. In this lecture
we talked about the uses of different non-finite
forms or types, their tense and their voices, some
non-finite patterns and exceptions.
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四、虚拟语气（Subjunctive mood）
• In English, when we express hypothetical and
non-factual meanings, we need to use subjective
mood of verbs. There two forms of the
subjunctive: be –subjective and were-subjective.
In this lecture the uses of the subjunctive mood
are dwelt on and we also discussed its forms and
some special subjunctive sentence constructions.
五、情态动词（Modal auxiliary）
• As has been pointed out before, English verbs, in
terms of their functions in forming verb phrases,
fall into two major categories: main verbs and
auxiliaries. Auxiliaries can again be divided into
primary auxiliaries (基本助动词), modal
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• auxiliaries, and semi-auxiliaries. The function of
primary auxiliaries (do, have, be ) is to combine
with main verbs to form complex verb phrases.
And this lecture concentrated on the uses of
modal auxiliaries and the next on semi-auxiliaries.
六、名词（Noun)
• This lecture covered three aspects of noun,
including “the classification of nouns”, “the
number forms of nouns”, and “the case of nouns”.
七、形容词和副词(Adj.& Adv.)
• This lecture falls into two parts: the place of adj.
& adv. and the comparative and superlative form
of adj. & adv. As we know most adjectives and 6
adverbs are gradable and can be used in
comparative clauses. When appearing in
comparative constructions, adjectives and
adverbs take special grammatical forms which
are called “forms of comparison”. So in the
second part of this lecture, regular & irregular
comparison of adj. & adv. , some comparative
constructions and the way to express “How many
times is A more than B?” were dwelt on.
八、冠词(Articles)
• English has two kinds of articles: the definite
article (the) and the indefinite article (a/an).
In this lecture, the classification of articles and
their usage were discussed .
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九、限定词 (Determiners)
• Words that precede any pre-modifying adjectives
in a noun phrase and which denote such referential
meanings(所指意义) as specific reference(特指),
genetic reference(类指), definite quantity(确定数
量) or indefinite quantity are referred to as
determiners.
• In this lecture, determiners are briefly discussed,
including the classification of determiners and a
comparative study of some determiners about
which students easily get confused.
十、数词(Numeral)
• Words that precede any pre-modifying
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adjectives in a noun phrase and which denote
such referential meanings(所指意义) as definite
quantity(确定数量) or indefinite quantity are
referred to as numeral.
There are two kinds of numerals: cardinal
numeral(one, two, fifty-two etc.) and ordinal
numeral( first, tenth, fiftieth etc.). Uses of
different numerals in this lecture were discussed.
十一、介词（Preposition)
• Prepositions are a class of structural words
that indicate various semantic relations
between words or expressions. Prepositions
are usually divided into the following three
types: simple prepositions, compound
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prepositions, phrasal prepositions. In this lecture,
classification of prepositions, collocation of
prepositions with adjectives, verbs and nouns
were discussed, and then the usage of some
commonly-used prepositions were dealt with.
十二、状语从句(Adverbial Clause)
• Adverbial clauses are those that perform the
function of adverbial in a complex sentence.
Semantically, this kind of clause can be
subdivided into adverbial clauses of time, place,
manner, cause, result, purpose, condition, and
concession. In this lecture usage of different
adverbial clauses were discussed and the contrast
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• between the expressions about which students are
easily to get confused were made.
十三、定于从句（Attributive Clause)
• In this lecture, attributive clauses were discussed
in the following aspects : those relative
conjunctions introducing attributive clauses, the
uses of attributive clauses, contrast of some
relative conjunctions,and the uses of relative
adverbs and relative adjective,etc.
十四、名词性从句(Nominal Clauses)
• Nominal clauses has been discussed in this
lecture. More specifically, function and types
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• of nominal clauses are dealt with here, for
example: nominal clauses function as subject,
nominal clauses function as object, nominal
clauses function as predicative, etc.
十五、主谓一致(Subject-verb Concord)
• By subject-verb concord is meant agreement
between subject and predicate verb in number.
There are three principles guiding subject-verb
concord; they are principles of grammatical
concord(语法一致原则), notional concord(意义
一致原则)and proximity(就近原则).
• In this lecture, guiding principles, problems
of concord with nouns, with collective nouns
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as subject, with a coordinate subject, with
expressions of quantity as subject, and other
problems of subject-verb concord were dwelt on.
十六、否定（Negation）
• Negation plays an important role in English
language all the time. From this lecture we knew
what negation means and how it is formed and
the uses of negation and some exceptions were
talked about here too.
• 十七、倒装（Inverted Order）
• Inverted order are discussed in this lecture.
Generally, inversion can be divided into two
kinds: complete inversion and partial inversion.
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• Some concrete examples were given here to show
how the inverted order happens and what
functions the inverted order has.
十八、反意疑问句(Tag question)
• Usages of tag question are discussed in this
lecture. It is pointed that in addition to the normal
tag questions, we should pay much attention to
some exceptions in dealing with this kind of
question, which were talked about in detail here.
十九、替代（Substitution）
• Substitution is a grammatical device for avoiding
repetition and achieving textual cohesion. There
are three kinds of substitution: nominal
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• substitution, verbal substitution, and clausal
substitution, and therefore three kinds of
substitutes: nominal substitutes, verbal
substitutes, and clausal substitutes. So this
lecture were concentrating on these three parts
and let us know what is nominal substitution,
verbal substitution or clausal substitution.
二十、省略(Ellipsis)
• Like substitution, ellipsis is also a grammatical
device for avoiding repetition and achieving
textual cohesion. If substitution is the
replacement of an identical item by a substitute,
ellipsis means omission of the item or
replacement of the item by a zero substitute.
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As ellipsis and substitution perform the same
function, they are, in many cases,
interchangeable, eg:
– A: Which do you prefer, the red or the green scarf.
– B: I’d like the red (scarf).
I’d like the red one.
• When an identical item is omitted or replaced,
attention is focused on the neighbouring element.
Therefore, ellipsis and substitution are also
means of emphasis.
• Ellipsis has been discussed in this lecture, which
falls into three parts: the omission of simple
sentence, the omission of complex sentence and
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• the omission of coordinate sentence.
二十一、It- 句型 (“It” patterns)
• “It” patterns have been discussed in this lecture,
including empty “it”, anticipatory “it” and “it” in
an emphatic construction. “It” has different
function in the three different “It” patterns. They
were discussed respectively here.
二十二、直接引语和间接引语（Direct
and Indirect Speech）
• In quoting someone’s words, we can either use
the direct speech, ie repeat the actual words of
the speaker without changes in grammar, or use
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• the indirect speech, ie tell what he said without
repeating the actual words. Direct speech is
usually put in quotation marks; indirect speech
normally occurs after a reporting verb without
being put in quotation marks. The present lecture
is devoted to the transformation of direct speech
into indirect, and this transformation usually
entails some changes in tense forms, word order,
pronouns, determiners, temporal or locative
adverbials as well as other aspects of grammar.
• So four major problems are discussed in this
lecture: indirect statements, indirect questions,
indirect commands and exclamations and mixed
types of indirect speech.
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Sample
Mistake Identification
Directions: Each of the following sentences has four parts
underlined and marked A. B. C. and D. Identify the one
that needs correction and correct them.
1.
•
2.
•
•
The music he wrote was very different from any who had been
a
b c
composed before. (c. that)
d
This class has cancelled because too few students had registered
a
b
c
before registration closed. (a. has been casncelled)
d
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3.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
D
The plan had been to go either walking or swimming
a
b
but the weather was so bad they didn’t to somewhere. (d.
anywhere)
c
d
4.
People think that they have enough money to pay
a
b
the electricity their television sets, washing machines and
c
refrigerators use. (b. to pay for )
d
5. They adopted all the necessary measures with a view
a
b
c
to raise production. (d. to raising )
6.
Sandra has not rarely missed a play or concert since she was
a
b
c
seventeen years old. (a. rarely )
d
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•
7. This school has had a number of distinguished former
a
b
c
•
pupils. Many of us have become famous today. (d. many of them)
•
d
•
8. No dramatist in the history of the theater has had the insight into
•
a
b
•
human nature than Shakespeare had. (c. that )
c
d
9. I did not choose any of the three puddings, because I found
a
b
neither of them satisfactory. (c. none )
c
d
•
10. He complied with the requirement that all graduate students in
•
a
b
c
•
education were to write a thesis. (d. write)
•
d
•
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PartⅡ
Directions: There are 40 questions in this part. Each question
is a sentence with something missing. Below each
sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D.
Chose one word or phrase that best completes the
sentence.
1. Sometimes very young children have trouble ________
fact from fiction and may believe that such things actually
exist.
A. for separating
B. to separate
C. having separated
D. separating
2. The second book was ________ by August 1952, but
two years later, the end was still nowhere in sight.
A. completed
B. to have completed
C. to complete
D. to have been completed
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3. Whatever the causes, English at the end of the 20th
century is more widely spoken and written than any other
language ________ .
A. ever was
B.had ever been
C. has ever been
D.would ever be
4. In this experiment, they are wakened several times
during the night, and asked to report what they ________.
A. had just been dreaming B. have just been dreaming
C. are just dreaming
D. had just dreamt
5. It is of the utmost importance that you ________ here on
time.
A. be
B. shall be
C. are to be
D. must be
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6. He might have been killed _________ the arrival of the
police.
A. except for
B. but for
C. with
D. for
7. These figures are not consistent ________ the results
obtained in previous experiments.
A. to
B. with
C. for
D.in
8. The animal has a brain which is nearest _________.
A. in man’s size
B. in size to man
C. in size to man’s
D. to the size in man
9. The problem of ________ to select as his successor was
quickly disposed of.
A. what
B. whom
C. which
D. how
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10. Britain’s press is unusual ________ it is divided into two
very different types of newspaper：the quality press and
the popular press.
A. in how
B. in what
C. in which
D. in that
11. Some companies have introduced flexible working time
with less emphasis on pressure _________.
A. than more on efficiency B. and more efficiency
C. and more on efficiency D. than efficiency
12. He often sat in a small bar drinking considerably more
than _________.
A. he was in good health B. his health was good
C. his good health was
D. was good for his health
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13. All the parts of these washing machines are _________,
so that it is very convenient to replace them.
A. normalized
B. modernized
C. mechanized
D. standardized
14. I was _________ by their kindness and move to tears.
A. preoccupied
B. embarrassed
C. overwhelmed
D. counseled
15. In many cultures people who were thought to have the
ability to ________ dreams were likely to be highly
respected.
A. interpret
B. intervene
C. inherit
D. impart
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PartⅢ Cloze
Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage.
For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C,
and D after the passage. You should choose the ONE
that best fits into the passage.(10 points)
During recent years we have heard much about “race”:
how this race does certain things and that race believes
certain things and so on. Yet, the (1) phenomenon of
race consists of a few surface indications. We judge
race usually (2) the colouring of the skin: a white race, a
brown race, a yellow race and a black race. But (3) you
were to remove the skin you could not (4) anything
about the race to which the individual belonged. There
is (5) in physical structure, the brain or the internal
organs to (6) a difference. There are four types of blood.
(7) types are found in
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every race, and no type is distinct to any race. Human
brains are the (8). No scientists could examine a brain
and tell you the race to which the individual belonged.
Brains will (9) in size, but this occurs within every race.
(10) does size have anything to do with intelligence. The
largest brain (11) examined belonged to a person of
weak (12). On the other hand, some of our most
distinguished people have had (13) brains.
Mental tests which are reasonably (14) show no
differences in intelligence between races. High and low
test results both can be recorded by different members of
any race. (15) equal educational advantages, there will
be no difference in average standings, either on account
of race or geographical location.
Individuals of every race (16) civilization to go
backward or forward. Training and education can
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change the response of a group of people, (17) enable
them to behave in a (18) way.
The behavior and ideals of people change according to
circumstances, but they can always go back or go on to
something new (19) is better and higher than anything
(20) the past.
(1) A. complete B. full
C. total
D. whole
(2) A. in
B. from
C. at
D. on
(3) A. since
B. if
C. as
D. while
(4) A. speak
B. talk
C. tell
D. mention
(5) A. something B. everything C. nothing D. anything
(6) A. display B. indicate C. demonstrate D. appear
(7) A. All
B. Most
C. No
D. Some
(8) A. same B. identical
C. similar
D. alike
(9) A. remain B. increase
C. decrease D. vary
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10) A. Only
B. Or
C. Nor
D. So
(11) A. ever
B. then
C. never
D. once
(12) A. health B. body
C. mind
D. thought
(13) A. big
B. small
C. minor
D. major
(14) A. true
B. exact
C. certain
D. accurate
(15) A. Provided B. Concerning C. Given D. Following
(16) A. make
B. cause
C. move
D. turn
(17) A. and
B. but
C. though
D. so
(18) A. ordinary B. peculiar C. usual D. common
(19) A. that B. what
C. whichever D. whatever
(20) A. for
B. to
C. which
D. in
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Answer:（1）D（2）B（3）B（4）C（5）C（6）B
（7）A（8）A（9）D（10）C（11）D（12）C
（13）B（14）D（15）C（16）B（17）A（18）B
（19）A（20）D
Part Ⅳ
Answer the following question briefly:
1. Please explain grammatical hierarchy.
Grammar hierarchy is the structural system of a
language.The grammar.of the English language is
organized into five ranks:the sentence, the clause, the
phrase, the word, and the morpheme. Each rank is
composed of one or more than one grammatical unit of
the immediate lower rank.Thus the sentence is a
grammatical unit that consists of one or more than one
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clause; the clause, one or more than one phrase; the
phrase, one or more than one word; and the word, one or
more than one morpheme.
The sentence is the highest rank of grammatical unit
while the morpheme is the minimum or the lowest rank.
A full sentence can generally be segmented rank by rank
down to its smallest constituents--- the morphemes.
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