Transcript Dias nummer 1

Translationese or Customized Subtitling?
A farewell to one-size-fits-all subtitling in Scandinavia
Henrik Gottlieb
Center for Translation Studies & Lexicography
17-07-2015
Dias 1
Europe: 14 subtitling countries (< 25 million each)
14 dubbing countries & 7 voice-over countries
Translations from English in Denmark (estimates)
Per capita consumption of dominant genres
Share of total consumption
Books &
Magazines
Manuals
Newspapers
Radio
Theater
Television
DVD & VHS
Cinema
Web sources
All media
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Fiction: 40%
Non-fiction: 30%
Articles & interviews: 10%
Documentation: 50%
Articles & quotes: 15%
Drama and quotes: 5%
Plays: 25%
Films & series: 70%
Documentaries & Shows: 25%
News items/interviews: 20%
Films & series: 60%
Films: 70%
Written info, mixed genres: 10%
Daily intake
3
3
2
2
3
1
1
min.
min.
min.
min.
min.
min.
min.
} 37 min.
15 min.
1 min.
5 min.
73 minutes
Standard Danish public-service digital TV subtitles
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Dias 4
Media-specific constraints 1
Semiotic type
Spatial
constraints
Subtitling
(Fully overt
translation)
Diamesic
Allocated
Reading speed
screen space
(10-16 cps)
(30-38 letters)
Dubbing
(Partly covert
translation)
Isomesic
None
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Formal time
constraints
None
Media-specific constraints 2
Importance of synchrony
‘Loss’
Visual
Auditive Vocal
Syntactic
Subtitling
Orality
(from known SL)
**
****
Ø
***
Dubbing
***
Ø
****
****
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Naturalness
Center for Translation Studies & Lexicography
Subtitling as timed translation:
One film (Cuckoo’s Nest), five different cueing patterns
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- Why are you speaking so slowly?
- To have time enough for the subtitles.
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Customized subtitling: Bernbom’s vision from 1992
Level Type
Audience
Properties
1
Simplified
subtitles
Children,
Dyslexics,
Immigrants,
Senior citizens
Simple wording,
Short sentences,
Two-liners: >6.5 seconds
2
Traditional
subtitles
Middle-aged (nonethnic) viewers
Moderate condensation,
Two-liners: >5 seconds
3
Advanced
subtitles
Young educated
viewers
No condensation,
Two-liners: >3.5 seconds
4
No subtitles Foreigners,
Aficionados,
SL speakers
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Dias 9
-------------------------------
Contemporary Subtitling:
4 types, but no audience concerns
Bona fide subtitling: subtitles based on original dialog (foreign or
domestic), cued by the subtitler before broadcast
(No delay. Public-service TV)
Relay subtitling: subtitles based on existing pre-cued subtitles in
SL or in another TL
(No delay. Commercial TV)
Semi-live subtitling: subtitles based on original dialog, created in
advance, cued during broadcast
(Short delay: 0.5 seconds. News)
Live subtitling: subtitles created during broadcast (e.g. via speech
recognition), cued during broadcast
(Major
delay: 4-10 seconds. News & shows)
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Hard of Hearing is not Deaf
HoH viewers outnumber the Deaf 100:1
•
One in six Europeans – 37 million people – has a hearing deficiency
•
One in six Danes – some 800,000 people – has a hearing deficiency
•
50 percent of all Danes aged 75+ have a hearing deficiency
•
More than 300,000 Danes use a hearing device of some kind
•
Out of 5 million Danes, less than 7,000 are deaf
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Danish DTV4All results
Interlingual bona fide subtitling:
General satisfaction, but Deaf & HoH need nonverbal info
Hearing want ’better’ translations, yet enough time to read
Intralingual bona fide subtitling:
More viewers would benefit if they used this service
Deaf & HoH want names or colors, plus sound sources
Deaf want everything subtitled
HoH want subtitles in sync with dialog
Intralingual live subtitling:
Many still don’t know this service
Some dissatisfaction (lack of synchrony)
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Dias 12
Future choices in Screen Translation
Translational role: substitution or supplement?
Informative load: full or partial translation?
Translational aim: synchrony or idiomaticity?
Dialogue quality: orality or acceptability?
Translational commissioning: centralized or local?
Optionality: sender- or audience-defined versions?
Semiotics: language-to-language or text-to-viewer?
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Different viewers, different needs
Viewers differ with regard to:
Hearing ability (the Hard-of Hearing are not Deaf)
Reading ability (fast readers deserve complete dialog)
Foreign-language competence (all languages are foreign)
Mother tongue (of Europeans all over Europe)
With Customized Subtitling (bona fide); each viewer may choose
1) A full translation / rendition of the dialog
2) An edited version for slow readers
3) A full version for the Deaf; with nonverbal info
4) An edited version for the HoH; suited for lipreading
5) An original-text version (for foreign productions)
6) Versions in major minority / immigrant languages
7) Versions in other European languages (as used abroad)
Live subtitling:
Delay broadcast 20 secs > subtitles in sync !
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Norms & laws
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Central languages > peripheral translation(s)
In the most central languages, translations are few,
the translator does not have a very high status, and
the translation norms derive from indigenous
literary standards.
(Johan Heilbron 2010)
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Norms as a point on a cline
Laws
Rules
Norms
•Predictors of universal behavior (Laws are probabilistic)
•Standardization in subtitling: ‘abnormal’ dialog is normalized
•Dictators of local behavior (Rules are authoritative)
•Correct spelling in subtitles
•Recommendable patterns of behavior (Norms tell you what you should do)
•Grammatical segmentation in Scandinavian subtitles
•Recurring patterns of behavior (Conventions are what you tend to do)
Conven •User-friendly presentation of answers in sync with the dialog
tions
•Individual patterns of behavior
Idiosyn •Preference in a subtitler for certain domestic slang terms
crasies
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General norms in Screen Translation
Norms
Linguistic
Correctness
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Filmic
Fluency
Verisimilitude
The subtitler caught between two norms
Subtitler’s
behavior
Loyalty
norm:
Equivalence
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Dias 19
Readerfriendly
norm:
Fluency
Is there even a third norm?
Dubbing nations may operate with what Maria
Pavesi calls the third norm:
“Dubbese takes as a reference not the source
language or the target language, but dubbese
itself” (Bucaria 2008)
Viewers’ increased knowledge of English may
lead to tekstningsdansk etc.
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Domestication or anglification?
Fluency can be seen as a discursive strategy ideally
suited to domesticating translation, capable not
only of executing the ethnocentric violence of
domestication, but also of concealing this violence
by producing the effect of transparency, the illusion
that this is not a translation, but the foreign text,
in fact, the living thoughts of the foreign author.
(Venuti 1995: 61)
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Dias 21
When the ever-present original
overrules the translator’s quest for fluency
Dubbing
Time
constraint
Spatial
constraint
Feedback
from dialog
Feedback from
image
Seldom
relevant
> full dialog
Irrelevant >
full dialog
None
Articulation
Syllable density
Gestures
37 characters
per line
> condensed
dialog
Wording
Gestures
Subtitling Often
relevant
> condensed
dialog
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Fluency vs. feedback from the English dialog:
Potential subtitle/soundtrack conflict
Dialog
Idiomatic
wording
(TL norm)
Back-translation
Audio-impacted
subtitle
(SL norm)
Back-translation
-Are you all right? -Skete der noget? -Did anything happen? -Er du uskadt?
- Yes.
- Nej.
- No.
-Ja.
-Are you unscathed?
- Yes.
(Unidiomatic)
- Do you mind - Er der optaget?
if I sit down? - Nej.
- No, that’s fine.
= DIALOG
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- Is it taken?
- No.
-Har du noget
imod jeg sætter
mig her?
-- Nej, det er fint.
(Verbose)
Universal laws in screen translation
1. Common to dubbing and subtitling
a. Law of standardization: Centripetal movement affecting nonstandard features (dialectal, sociolectal, taboo …)
b. Law of explicitation: Making ST content more explicit in the TT
c. Law of interference: Transferring ST structures to the TT
2. Specific to dubbing: Law of establishing visual synchrony
3. Specific to subtitling: Law of establishing content synchrony
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Foreignization vs. domestication
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Foreignization may shake the elephant …
To advocate foreignizing translation in
opposition to the AngloAmerican tradition
of domestication is not to do away with
cultural political agendas — such an
advocacy is itself an agenda.
Lawrence Venuti: The Translator’s Invisibility
(1995: 23)
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… but kill the mouse.
”The good subtitling is the one
you never notice.”
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Subtitles are always overt
Subtitles are an aid to foreignization in that they maintain the
linguistic alterity of what is on the screen, the soundtrack of
language matching the identity of the image. What you see is
what you hear. There is no attempt in effect to offer the
domestic comforts of dubbing.
(Michael Cronin 2009: 106)
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Dias 28
Scandinavia approaching
postcolonial status?
”Foreignizing and resistant translation (…) pertains to
translation in powerful countries in the West in general
and in the United States in particular. (…)
[This] approach is not applicable in postcolonial
countries”.
Maria Tymoczko (2000)
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Dias 29
29
Domestication depends on
SL-TL power relations

Translating from a ’minor’ language: domestication

Translating from English: foreignization
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Strategies in screen translation: No free lunch
FOREIGNIZING STRATEGIES
Maximum fidelity
Retention (transfers foreignisms)
High fidelity
Literal translation (may lead to translationese)
DOMESTICATING STRATEGIES
Low fidelity
Specification (may create verbose sentences)
Generalization (may turn the text bland)
Substitution (may create false equivalence)
No fidelity
Omission (eliminates localisms)
Sted og dato (Indsæt --> Diasnummer)
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Center for Translation Studies & Lexicography
What happened to Elsker dig for evigt? (= Open Hearts, 2002)
Retention
Literal translation
Rigshospitalet
(Rigshospitalet)
Specification
Generalization
Substitution
Omission
Ungdomshuset
Randersgade
(Randers St.)
studie
(M.Sc.)
en næsten ny Volvo
(a new car)
Christian IV
(Henry VIII)
med dejlig chokolade
og kager til (With
lovely hot chocolate
and birthday cake ...)
skole
(high
school)
100 kroner
(money)
Panodiler
(Aspirin)
og når hun hjem fra
(And when she ...)
par tusind i prisen
(price)
Choco-Pops
(cocoa pops)
Fiskedamsgade 16
(16, Fish Pond Street)
Lotto
(the lottery)
Petersen
(Peterson)
Iso eller hvad det er,
det hedder
(a supermarket)
dankortet (the card)
hamburgerryg (pork)
lagkage (cake)
1
4
Total: 5
Foreignized solutions: 25%
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2
8
4
Total: 15
Domesticated solutions: 75%
1
Center for Translation Studies & Lexicography
What happened to Spiderman? (2002; Danish title: Spiderman)
Retention
Woodhaven
Boulevard
Moondance coffee
(Moondance-kaffe)
Columbia University
Columbia
Broadway
New York (x2)
Fifth Avenue
Bone Saw (x6)
Macy’s
Conway
3000 $ (x4)
NYWL
Stormin’ Norman
200 $
300
Daily Bugle
7 dollars, 84 cents
(7,84 $)
Thanksgiving
Pete
28
Literal
translation
Specification
Science
Department
(fysikafdeling)
Big Apple college
Midtown High seniors
(New
(studierne) (elever fra Midtown High)
York)
public
school
kids
Eastern
Seaboard
(Østkysten)
soap
trust fund
opera
(formue)
(billig tvserie)
meatloaf
(farsbrød)
downtown
library
(biblioteket)
the subway
(S-toget)
the paramedics
the itsy bitsy Spider went
up the water spouts (x2)
(Lille Peter Edderkop
kravled’ op ad muren)
Unity Day
Festival
The Flying
Dutchman
(Den Flyvende
Hollænder)
college
(skole)
science fair
(kemikonkurrence)
Substitution
Omission
World Unity
Festival
(Verdensfredsfestivalen)
5
Total: 33
Foreignized solutions: 70%
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Generalization
2
3
5
Total: 14
Domesticated solutions: 30%
4
Factors determining (the degree of) domestication
 Status of the source text (author / language / culture)
 Knowledge of source language & culture in the target culture
 Target audience composition and preferences
 Types and frequencies of localisms in the source text
 Language policies in the target culture
 Attitude of the translator / commissioner
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East of Stockholm: Avoiding foreignization?
The Lithuanian subtitles for the American cartoon ”Ratatouille”:
135 culture-specific items in the original:
 Foreignizing strategies:
14 items:
 Domesticating strategies
115 items:
 Mixed strategies
6 items:
(Source: Judickaitė 2009)
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10.4%
85.2%
4.4%
Foreignizing the dialog, alienating the audience?
Printed translations:
High frequencies of English cognate terms [DK: smart]
Low frequencies of TL-specific terms [pragmatic particles]
Increased text volume (DK: 5-15%)
Subtitled productions:
Boosting of English-sounding phrases [DK: Er du okay?]
Reduced text volume (20-50%)
Functional shift: Subtitles as substitutes, not supplements
All translations:
Less lexical variation; greater explicitation;
anglified mindset?
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Translationese
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The law of interference:
Conflicting definitions of translationese
1) ”Deviance in translated texts induced by the source language”.
(Schmied & Schäffler 1996: 45-46)
2) “Systematic influence on target language (TL) from source language (SL)”
(Gellerstam 1986: 88)
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Why Gellerstam’s definition makes sense today
 English influences all levels of language
 This influence is found in (nearly) all text types
 English influence is no longer limited to translations
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Dias 39
Translationese in Swedish novels translated from
English (Gellerstam 1986)
(1) English loanwords are significantly more common in the T novels than in
the O novels: chans, charm, chock (chance, charm, shock).
(2) Domestic colloquialisms are significantly less common in the T novels
than in the O novels: farsan / morsan (daddy/mummy): 384 vs. 8 tokens.
(3) Many English words trigger domestic standard (often less idiomatic)
equivalents in the T novels: anlända (for ’arrive’) instead of komma.
(4) ’International’ words are used in the T novels in their English, less literal
senses: drastisk, lokal, massiv (drastic, local, massive).
(5) Semantic or collocational distinctions absent in English tend not to be
restored in the T novels: nuances between begripa, fatta and förstå
(understand) are not fully represented.
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Translationese in Danish novels translated from
English (Gottlieb 2000)
(1) English loanwords are NOW common also in domestic texts.
(2) Domestic colloquialisms are STILL significantly less common in
translations.
(3) Many English words STILL trigger domestic (unidiomatic) equivalents in
the translations.
(4) ’International’ words are NOW used also in translations in their English,
less literal senses.
(5) Semantic or collocational distinctions absent in English tend not to be
restored in the T novels: SAME TENDENCY IN DANISH.
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Translationese in Danish:
Domestic colloquialisms (pragmatic units)
missing in translations
WordSmith CONCORDANCE: sgu da
1
derhenne ved væggen, det er
2
Gymnasiaster gættede jeg. »Han ku'
3
e fejrer den i Amerika. Det må du
4
person, det drejer sig om. Jeg vil
5
ore og uformelige og med navn på.
6
gider bestille noget... Ja, det er
7 ed forstoppelse,« sagde hun. »De kan
8
art to uger siden nu, det kunne han
9
asse der kan passe.
- Det er
10
ling af virtual reality. Og det er
11
idesprællere.
Ekspressen ved man
sgu
sgu
sgu
sgu
Sgu
sgu
sgu
sgu
sgu
sgu
sgu
da et nyt indslag!" Jeg blev n
da godt ha' ringet noget før,«
da have hørt om... Man sender
da helst have at vide, jeg er pr
da ikke noget at gå med i
da ikke noget under, det går ad
da ikke vide, at det var os.«
da ikke huske. "Jeg gik noget af
da også underligt, han ikke kan
da også en slags virkelighed,
da, hvor man har, men Opinion...
(Source: The Copenhagen Micro Corpus / Gottlieb 2000)
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a:\c\16cdür
a:\c\4chols
a\c\12cher
a:\c\4chols
a:\c\12cher
a:\c\12cher
a:\c\4chols
a:\c\1cholm
a:\c\12cher
a:\c\16cdür
a:\c\16cdür
Translationese turning into anglification
”Translational cliches and calques from English have been
creeping into original Italian-language productions such as TV
series and soap operas.”
(Bucaria 2008)
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Anglification & subtitling
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Center for Translation Studies & Lexicography
Both sides moving away from translations
English is no. 1 foreign language in 200 countries
Danish is no. 1 foreign language only in Greenland
Domestic titles are preferred to translated ones:
DK books & films in English: < 0.1% of US/UK market
DK books & films in Danish:
0.0% of US/UK market
(the elite read domesticated translations)
Foreign titles are preferred to translated ones:
English books & films in Danish: > 40% of DK market
English books & films in English: > 10% of DK market
(the elite read English originals)
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Anglicisms defined
Individual or systemic language features

adapted or adopted from English, or

inspired or boosted by English models,

used in intralingual communication
in a language other than English
Present scenarios for ’small’ languages
Anglo-American cultural
dominance
Linguistic
anglification
Anglicisms &
translationese
Domain losses &
diglossia
Language
death?
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It takes two
to conceive an anglicism
”Anglicisms are not merely vehicles of some
Anglo-American mental imperialism;
they are the offspring of other languages’
voluntary intercourse with English.”
(Gottlieb 2005: 162)
Center for Translation Studies & Lexicography
Anglicism density in Danish TV translations
Flubber
Absolute figures
DUB
Dr. Dolittle
SUB
DUB
Antz
SUB
DUB
SUB
All Anglicisms
(types | tokens)
Dominance of dubbing
(tokens)
84 148 62 84 90 207 85 125 79 161 40 67
Marked Anglicisms
(types | tokens)
Dominance of dubbing
(tokens)
38
Frequency
Effective runtime
Anglicisms per minute:
All tokens
Anglicisms per minute:
Marked17-07-2015
tokens
Dias 50
– 1.76
–
–
– 1.66
–
86 29 41 44 139 34
– 2.10
–
–
– 2.44
–
– 2.40
–
–
57 60 131 25 42
–
–
– 3.12
–
Flubber
Dr. Dolittle
Antz
82:34 minutes
75:11 minutes
73:50 minutes
DUB
SUB
DUB
SUB
DUB
SUB
1.79
1.02
2.75
1.66
2.18
0.91
1.04
0.50
1.85
0.76
1.77
0.57
–
Lexical Lacunas:
Culture or Coincidence?




Mormor, farmor
Morfar, farfar
Fætter, kusine
Tante




Uncle

Day and night / 24 hours


Moster, faster
Onkel


Grandmother
Grandfather
Cousin
Aunt

Morbror, farbror
Døgn
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The 24-hour doyn









0-4: nat
4-9: morgen
9-12: formiddag
12: middag
12-16: eftermiddag
16-18: fyraften
18-23: aften
23-24: nat
24: midnat
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Dias 52







0-4: night / morning
4-12: morning
12: noon
12-17: afternoon
17-23: evening
21-24: night
24: midnight
Forgetting forenoon: Morning fits all?
morning
Shakespeare (1589-1612)
forenoon
139
98.6%
2
1.4%
20.019
99.9%
15
0.1%
10.200.000
99.7%
32.800
0.3%
Guardian.co.uk (01.08.2010)
104.852 99.99%
9
0.01%
COCA (US English 1990-2009)
111.249 99.99%
14
0.01%
BNC (1980-1993)
www. (…).co.uk
Center for Translation Studies & Lexicography
Translationese in subtitling & dubbing
The Antz syndrome 1
Woody Allen as the ant Z:
Hey, I got a name, okay?
Sted og dato (Indsæt --> Diasnummer)
Dias 54
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2
English line:
Hey, I got a name, okay?
Danish subtitle:
Jeg har altså et navn!
Sted og dato (Indsæt --> Diasnummer)
Dias 55
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3
English line:
Hey, I got a name, okay?
Danish subtitle:
Jeg har altså et navn!
Danish dubbed line:
Hey, jeg har et navn, okay?
Sted og dato (Indsæt --> Diasnummer)
Dias 56
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4
English line:
Hey, I got a name, okay?
Danish subtitle:
Jeg har altså et navn!
Danish dubbed line:
Hey, jeg har et navn, okay?
Idiomatic Danish alternative:
Jeg hedder faktisk noget!
Sted og dato (Indsæt --> Diasnummer)
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5
English line:
Hey, I got a name, okay?
Free Danish translation:
Gider du lige!
Sted og dato (Indsæt --> Diasnummer)
Dias 58
Sources include
Bernbom , T. (1992): “Målgruppeorienteret tv-tekstning”. In: DAO 3, Univ. of Copenhagen
European Commission (2006): Europeans and their Languages. Special Eurobarometer 243.
Gellerstam, M. (1986) “Translationese in Swedish novels translated from English”.
Gottlieb, H. (1989): “Tekstningspraksis i Danmark”. In: Nordisk TV-teksting. Nordisk Språksekr.
Gottlieb, H. (2000): ”Empirical studies of translationese”. University of Copenhagen.
Gottlieb, H. (2004): ”Language-political implications of subtitling”. In: Topics in Audiovisual
Translation. John Benjamins Publishing.
Gottlieb, H. (2005): ”Anglicisms and Translation”. In: In and Out of English. Multilingual Matters.
Gottlieb, H. (2009): ”Subtitling against the current”. In: New Trends in Audiovisual Translation.
Multilingual Matters.
Gottlieb, H. (2012): “Danish Anglicisms beneath the Surface”. In: The Anglicization of
European Lexis. John Benjamins Publishing.
Heilbron, J. (2010): World System of Translation. Unesco.
Judickaitė, L. (2009): ”Foreignization and domestication in film translation”. Vitautas Magnus
University.
Pedersen, J. (2011): Subtitling norms. John Benjamins Publishing.
Tymoczko, M. (2000): ”Translation and political engagement”.The Translator 6(1).
Valdeón, R. (2007): ”Translating news from the inner circle”. Quaderns: revista de traducció.
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Dias 59
Throwing stones in a Germanic glass house
Sport er et engelsk Begreb, og et Ord der
ligesom saa mange andre fremmede Ord er
uoversættelige paa Dansk. Fremmed, som
det er, har det først faaet Borgerret i vort
Sprog ved en altfor hyppig og kritikløs
Anvendelse, og brugt i Flæng snart om
enhver Beskjæftigelse, som ligger uden for
det daglige Slid og Slæb, er dets Betydning
efterhaanden bleven ligesaa vag som
meningsløs.
”Spectator”: Dansk Sportstidende, nr. 44,1888
ACTIVE ANGLICISMS (Imports from English)
CATEGORY
TYPE
EXAMPLES
ENGLISH TRIGGER
Overt lexical
borrowings
1) Single-word unit
snowboard, bartender, flashe;
firstmovere; greenwashing
snowboard, bartender, flashe;
first movers; greenwashing
2) Multi-word unit
poppe op; learning by doing
pop up; learning by doing
3) Sub-word unit
-minded
-minded
Covert lexical 4) Single-word unit
borrowings
5) Multi-word unit
Loan
translations
6) Compound substitute
7) Multi-word substitute
klumnist; kiks; fjæs;
columnist; cakes; face;
nonsens; ups!
non-sense; oops!
Stop en halv! [= ‘stop one half’] Stop and haul!
forårsrulle; isstorm;
vejsidebombe; bjørneknus;
sofakartoffel
Postmand Per
spring roll; ice storm;
roadside bomb; bear hug;
couch potato
Postman Pat
Hybrids
8) Partial loan translation trendsætter
trendsetter
PseudoAnglicisms
9) Archaism
butterfly
butterfly tie (= bow tie)
10) Semantic change
overhead
(= slide, OHP transparency)
after-ski
overhead
11) Contamination
12) Morphological change fit for fight
Phonetic
borrowing
after + ski (English: apres-ski)
fighting fit
13) Jocular derivation
webmoster [= ‘web auntie’]
14) Phonetic loan
brand [introducing an English r] brand
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webmaster
REACTIVE ANGLICISMS (Impact from English)
TYPE
Semantic 15) Extensions
loans
16) Reversals
17) Limitations
18) Doubles
EXAMPLE
omfavne [in politics]
STANDARD
støtte
TRIGGER
embrace
overhøre
skudt (og dræbt)
spotte (= detect)
høre (= hear)
skudt
= mock
overhear
shot and killed
spot = detect
litteratur
Michaels køreskole
literature
Michael’s Driving
School
Ortho19) Changed spelling
*literatur
graphic 20) Changed punctuation *Michael’s Køreskole
changes
Phonetic 21) Phonematic changes unik pronounced [you’nik] [oo’nik]
changes 22) Prosodic changes
falling intonation in
slightly rising
exclamations
intonation
Morpho- 23) Inflections
autobahns
plural –er
syntactic 24) Morphology
disrespekt
despekt
calques 25) Phraseology
sætte foden ned
slå i bordet
26) Expressions
Så tager vi den derfra
Den tid, den sorg
Use
intensification
27) Word order
28) Valency
29) Prepositional choices
30) Favored single-word
cognates
31) Favored multi-word
cognates
32) Default equivalents
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Dog, han vil ikke ...
Ring en ekspert!
ud af vandet
alkohol
Hun gav mig denne her
tilbringe
unique
US intonational
pattern
-s
disrespect
put one’s foot down
Then we’ll take it
from there
Han vil dog ikke ...
However, ...
Ring til en ekspert!
Call an expert!
op af vandet [op = up] out of the water
spiritus
alcohol
Jeg har fået den af
hende
være
She gave this to me
spend (time)
CODE-SHIFTS
TYPE
EXAMPLE
PRAGMATIC CONTEXT
33) Tags
, okay?
Standard oral interpersonal
assurance formula
34) Intrasentential Så go for it, Norge!
shifts
Magazine article on Copenhagen
Fashion Week, August 2010
35) Bilingual
wordplay
“De Frygtløse – The Muuhvie”
[Danish title for the American
animated movie (featuring cows)
“Home on the Range” (2004)]
Common linguistic device in
commercial punchlines and
political slogans in semi-bilingual
speech communities
36) Sentenceshaped shifts
De nye sange (…) trækker stadig
kraftigt på amerikanske musiktraditioner fra det meste af det 20.
århundrede: Folk, country, blues,
gospel, bluegrass, you name it.
The final sentence in a Danish
online concert review, 2010
37) Total shifts
38) Domain loss
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Dias 63
Website of this Danish company
(www.maersk.com/Pages/default
.aspx) unavailable in Danish
Layout Construction: A Case Study
in Algorithm Engineering
Title of research paper written by
four (Danish) scientists