Transcript Ozone Depletion I

Peacekeeping and Intervention
What Happened in Darfur?





Failed state
Poverty
Natural resources crises
Security dilemma among ethnic groups
Small group of extremists
– Arab Janjaweed militia
 Leadership and manipulation of ethnic
symbols, myths and divisions
 Some 70,000 dead, 2.3mn displaced
 African Union peacekeeping troops
Peacekeeping
 Insertion of independent international forces
between warring parties, with the consent of both
sides to the conflict
 Strategy coined in 1956 by Dag Hammarskjold
and Lester Pearson
 Principles:
– Consent by warring parties
– Neutrality of troops
– Use of force only in self-defense
Case: the Suez Canal Crisis (1956)
 Egypt’s Gamal Nasser privatizes Suez
 Egypt sponsors guerilla attacks against Israel
 Israel invades Sinai, claims self-defense
 Pressure from US to end the conflict
 Parties agree to cease fire, Hammarskold and Pearson devise
a peacekeeping plan and send UN troops
Conditions for Successful
Peacekeeping
 Parties want to disengage
– Stalemate
– Costly war of attrition
– Majority wants to avoid war
 Interest by great powers to limit conflict
– Interest to contain conflict
– Coercive cooperation
– Consensus in Security Council
UN Peacekeeping
UN Peacekeeping missions
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Series1
1940s
1950s
1960s
1970s
1980's
1990s
2
2
6
3
5
45
Other Peacekeeping Forces
 NATO
 African Union
 EU forces
Case: Peacekeeping in former
Yugoslavia
 The Srebrenica massacre
 Dayton Agreement between
Croatia, Yugoslavia, and
Bosnia and Hertzegovina
(1995)
 UN peacekeeping force
monitors ceasefire
 NATO-led multinational
Implementation Force (IFOR)
took over in December 1995
 NATO force replaced by The
European Union Police
Mission in 2002
Intervention
 Military intervention
– interference with force in the internal affairs of another state
 Limited military action
 Blockade
 Support opposition
 Military advisers
 Economic assistance
 Broadcasts and speeches
Is Humanitarian Intervention
Justified?
 Yes:
– Morally required
– Stop genocide and crimes
against humanity
– When humanitarian crises
threaten peace
– Customary right to
humanitarian intervention
 No:
– Contradicts sovereignty
– States should tender to their
own security first and foremost
– Strategic rather humanitarian
motives prevail
– Applied arbitrary
– Slippery slope to aggression
Conditions for Intervention
 UN Charter: sovereignty and non-intervention
 Authorized by UN resolution
– Collective security: Iraq 1990
– Operation Provide Comfort in Northern Iraq (1991)
 NATO lead missions, followed by UN missions
-Collective security: Afghanistan (2001)
-Kosovo (1999)
Case: Kosovo Intervention
 Guerrilla war intensifies 1998
 Tens of thousands killed, hundreds of thousands
displaced
 Russia and China block UN decision on
intervention
 NATO air strikes 1999
Rwanda: To Intervene or Not to Intervene?
Risks of Intervention
 Casualties for international forces
 Lack of domestic support
 Intractable missions: Somalia
 Suspicion of imperialism
 Difficult to force peaceful co-existence