The Ottoman Empire
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Transcript The Ottoman Empire
THE OTTOMAN
EMPIRE
1
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
Why were the Ottoman Sultans able to
rule as all-powerful rulers?
2
INTRODUCTION
The 1st Ottoman were nomadic Turkish warriors
for Islam, from Central Asia
Fled from Central Asia to escape the Mongols
Attacked the Byzantines
Failed to capture Constantinople (Capital)
Captured Adrianopolis (2nd most important city)
1396 – 1st Sultan (ruler) appointed
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ELITE OTTOMAN ARMY
Known as Janissaries
Made up of young war captives & Christian slaves
Were converted to Islam, then trained as soldiers
Belonged to the Sultan, & served for life
Gained power & influence, eventually became
important political group
4
TIMUR CHALLENGES THE OTTOMANS
Timur – Turko-Mongol leader
Born in 1336, claimed he was a descendant of
Genghis Khan
Created an army, built power in Central Asia, &
began a career of conquest
1402 – Defeats Ottoman Army in Battle of Ankara
Captures Sultan, forced Ottomans to return
territory they took from others
5
RECOVERY & EXPANSION
Civil war broke out over who should be next Sultan
Murad II took power & began to expand empire
Defeated last European crusaders in Battle of Varna
Followed by Mehmed II
Conquered Constantinople (Byzantine Capital) in 1453
Renamed city Istanbul – Became Ottoman capital
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SULEIMAN THE MAGNIFICENT
Greatest Ottoman Sultan
Ruled from 1520 – 1566
Led Ottoman Empire to Golden Age
Reunited Muslim world (except Persia &
Afghanistan) by conquering North Africa
7
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
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GOVERNMENT & SOCIETY
Sultan
Governed from Istanbul as all-powerful ruler
Empire was well-organized & efficiently
governed
Assisted by Janissaries
2nd in Command – Grand Viziers
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GOVERNMENT & SOCIETY
Society – 2 major groups
Small ruling class
Reaya – Larger group of ordinary people
There was social mobility
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GOVERNMENT & SOCIETY
Millet System
Reaya made up of different groups of people
Muslim Turks, Christians, Jews, & Arabs
Strong religious tension
Religious freedom was allowed by Sultans
Millet – Separate religious communities of Reaya
Under control of Sultan, but governed themselves
Each has its own laws, customs, courts, taxes, education, health
system, & defense
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THE SLOW DECLINE
1566 – Suleiman the Magnificent dies
Marked beginning of the decline
1571 – Phillip II leads Spanish navy to defeat
Ottomans
Battle of Lepanto – Europeans defeat Ottomans
near Greece
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THE SLOW DECLINE
1600 – Government & Economy face problems
Lost control of silk & spice trade
New trade routes bypassed Ottoman Empire
Power of Sultans weakened
Government became corrupt due to internal power struggles
Rebellions among the Janissaries
Lost territory to Russia & France
1923 – Empire ends when Turkey establishes a
republic
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