Imperialism in Southeast Asia & Africa
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Transcript Imperialism in Southeast Asia & Africa
Chapter 14 sections 1 & 2
World History
Section 1
Old:
European nations wanted to set up
trading posts where they could conduct
business and missionary activities
New: European nations wanted total control
over huge amounts of foreign territory
Argument
Europeans had the moral
responsibility to civilize “primitive people”
and bring Christianity to the “heathen
masses”
Founded
Singapore (City of the Lion) in 1819
which became a major port for ships coming
to and from China
Next the British took over Burma
To protect its possessions in India
Wanted an overland route into China
Forced
Vietnam to accept French protection
from the British in 1857
Protectorate: a political unit that depends on
another government for its protection
Vietnamese Empire becomes a French
protectorate in 1884
Extend protection to neighboring Cambodia,
Laos, Annam, & Tonkin
Becomes known as Union of French Indochina
The
only independent country in Southeast
Asia
Kings promoted Western learning &
maintained good relationships with European
powers
Britain & France agreed to keep Thailand as
an independent buffer b/t their possessions
See how Thailand is right between British
controlled Burma and the countries that
make up French Indochina? That is what
a buffer is – something, anything that
creates space b/t two things.
Indirect
Rule: local rulers kept their positions
of authority and status in the new colonial
government
Easier access to natural resources
Less effect on local culture
Lowered the cost of colonial government
Direct
Rule: local rulers are removed from
power and replaced with officials from the
mother country
Many
Westerners feared native people
gaining political rights – even teaching them
about representative government &
democracy
Colonial powers did NOT want colonists to
develop their own industries, only continue
to supply the raw materials that fuel industry
in the mother country and buy those
products
Materials
Exported: teak wood, rubber,
spices, tea, coffee, palm oil, tin, sugar
Plantation agriculture – native peasants
worked as laborers on plantations owned by
colonial elites
Wages were kept low to maximize profits
Conditions were poor and led to many deaths
Beginnings
of modern economic systems
Built roads, railroads, communication
networks, and other pieces of infrastructure
that were good for everyone
Development of an entrepreneurial class
because of the potential for exporting
desirable goods and raw materials
Many
were most unhappy about being ruled
by Western powers
Most frequent revolts came from peasants,
who were furious they were pushed off of
their land to create plantations
Eventually an intellectual middle class
develops educated in Western ideas that
pushes for native rights, then independence
Section 2
West Africa
B/t
1880-1900 European rivals had nearly all
of Africa under their control
By 1890 the slave trade that affected W.
Africa for so long was nearly gone
Now Euros were interested in trading
manufactured goods for natural resources
European govt’s began to push for permanent
settlements along the coast
Europeans in Africa 1885-1914
North Africa
Muhammad
Ali created a separate Egyptian
state in 1805 and implemented reforms to
bring Egypt into the modern world
Europeans became interested in Egypt b/c
they wanted to build a canal connecting the
Red and Mediterranean Seas
The Suez Canal was completed in 1867
1875 Britain bought Egypt’s share of the
canal – saw it as their lifeline to India
Italy was defeated by Ethiopia in its attempt
to take over the country
Central Africa
Explorers
from the West went into the dense
tropical jungles
They encouraged European governments to
send settlers to the Congo River Basin
Belgium was the one country to seize the
moment and claim vast stretches of Central
Africa
Belgium = area south of the Congo River
France = area north of the Congo River
The Congo River
East Africa
Intense
competition b/t Germany and Great
Britain for colonies here
Most of East Africa had not yet been claimed
by European powers
Berlin Conference, 1884
Settle claims in East Africa b/t Portugal, Belgium,
Germany, Great Britain
NO AFRICAN delegates were present!!
South Africa
Boers
(Afrikaners) descendents of the original
Dutch settlers in South Africa
Believed white supremacy was ordained by
God & forced natives onto reservations
Britain took control of all of S. Africa after
defeating the Boers in the Boer War
Formed the Union of South Africa in 1910
where only whites could vote
System of government sponsored segregation
in South Africa becomes known as Apartheid
Colonial Powers
The
only independent land left in Africa in
1914 was Liberia
Mostly tried to employ indirect rule, but in
reality it was still foreign officials making the
decisions w/local leaders enforcing them
Others (France) used direct rule
Countries with African Possessions
Netherlands, Britain, France, Germany, Belgium,
Italy, Portugal, Spain
Vocabulary
Annex:
to incorporate new nearby territory
into an existing political unit
Indigenous: native to a region – can be used
to describe many things (people, plants,
animals, etc.)