Transcript Africa
Achieving Independence Programs for Development Three Nations: A Closer Look Struggles in Southern Africa Africa Achieving Independence The Colonial Legacy Economics – Europeans introduced new crops/technologies/cash Politics – took over government, denied education to locals even when they left, the colonial powers controlled things Independent African leaders did not see democracy as the way to go Health Care and Education –Brought medical advances new transportation methods linked interior to ports exporting raw materials to colonies paid for colonial rule most Africans gained little – lost much from colonial rule Western doctors developed vaccines (malaria, small pox, yellow fever) Under pressure, colonial leaders built hospitals and schools Access to education was very limited National Borders – colonial borders remained Often, huge conflicts between ethnic/tribal groups New independent nations tried to build unity from disorder A Growing Spirit of Nationalism 4 countries controlled Africa after WW2 Impact of World War II Nationalist groups saw the colonial powers as beatable Believed they deserved independence for supporting Allies Colonial powers continued to treat native populations poorly The Global Setting – European people done with war GB, France, Belgium, Portugal New policies adopted by colonial powers for political reforms Idea was to lead to independence, but when?? Nationalist Leaders – new leaders emerged Most new leaders were educated in the West/Europe Political parties, led by powerful speakers, pushed for independence Used demonstrations, strikes and boycotts to push for change Timetables for independence negotiated with colonial powers Ghana Algeria Kwame Nkrumah organized a radical political party Pushed for independence, used strikes, boycotts, riots Imprisoned Will be first prime minister of independent Ghana Kenya Jomo Kenyatta led nonviolent faction but violence will break out Kenyatta imprisoned (became hero) Will be first prime minister of independent Kenya Algeria 9 year civil war for independence from France 10,000’s French and 100,000’s Algerians die before independence won in 1962 Ghana Kenya Modernization and Change 50+ nations were born during Africa’s “great liberation” Great hopes for a better future, both economically and politically Many different paths taken in trying to achieve their goals Some made huge progress, despite obstacle Other suffered civil wars in struggles for control/power Natural disasters, military rule, corrupt leaders made progress In some countries almost impossible In some countries, the standard of living actually fell while a small elite live in luxury/privilege Civil War and Africa Cold War impacted development in Africa – even though most African nations chose to remain neutral Those who favored socialism were favored by the USSR and mistrusted by the US Those who favored capitalism were favored by the US and mistrusted by the USSR Cold War rivalries affected local conflicts as US/USSR support rival groups Weapons supplied have fallen into the hands of various groups, thus armed conflict has continued Other Developments Organization of African Unity (OAU) Regional and Global organizations have promoted cooperation among African nations United Nations (UN) African nations have joined UN They have contributed and benefitted from membership Healthcare, literacy and economic development Disaster Relief Famine and other natural disasters often strike Africa Many organizations have provided aid OAU – forum to discuss issues African Development Bank – needed capital for development Red Cross, Doctors without Borders, Oxfam, UN/WHO Many problems/issues still persist Somalia, Sudan, Congo, etc all dealing with huge problems Programs for Development Seeking Unity and Stability Divisions – diverse cultures, languages & histories Civil War – colonial rule set tribes against each other Believed it created unity over multi-party systems Party sometimes offered candidates within party (democratic?) Military Rule – unrest often led to military rule Civil wars erupted when leaders monopolized power/money for their group or themselves One-Party Rule – only one party has political power Nationalism helped unify, but once colonial power left, their loyalties were to their group Ethnic and regional conflict (Ex – Sudan/South Sudan) More than ½ African nations experienced military rule “Motivated only by sense of duty, not power and wealth” Often became brutal tyrants (Uganda – Idi Amin) Reforms – demands for change from inside and outside People’s participation/democratic reforms before more loans Opposition parties legalized, censorship lifted, open elections Programs for Development Economic Choices Socialism or Capitalism Cash crops or Food Gov’t efforts to create cash crops (exportable) now unable to feed their own people Urban or Rural Needs Use scarce resources where most needed (not most profitable) Hoped to end foreign gov’t influence, prevent inequality between rich and poor MIXED ECONOMY – relied heavily on loans from world banks Developed some industry but heavily dependence on imports Prices kept low to meet needs of city people, hurt rural farmers Gov’t tried to help farmers by subsidizing their farms The Debt Crisis Most in debt, borrowed to buy imported products like oil Interest on loans wiped out their yearly budgets Banks required tough reforms before lending more money Aid to poor, farmers cut – people hurt & angry Programs for Development The population of Africa puts a tremendous strain on the countries trying to develop Critical Issues Drought and Famine – prolonged drought Deforestation –cash crops cut down forests Livestock died, farmland blew away, millions become refugees DESERTIFICATION – the spread of the desert (ethiopia, sudan) War over scarce resources often follows Environmental destruction to land Drought intensified due to deforestation AIDS – epidemic in Africa (Uganda & Tanzania esp.) Most treatments too expensive for nations/people to affort WHO leading efforts to educate people to prevent HIV/AIDS Programs for Development Old and New Patterns – new ways disrupted traditional culture in Africa People want better standard of living/technology & they want to preserve their culture Impact of Urbanization – rapid migration to cities Weakened traditional cultures and mixed ethnic groups Young who return to villages scorned for new ways Effects on Women – few educated, most stuck in poverty As men move to city for work, women left to do everything else Most constitutions promise equality, but rarely enforced Programs for Development Christianity in Africa – Colonialism brought Christianity to Africa Christian churches in Africa often combine teaching of their church and traditional African beliefs Religious leaders often the ones to stand up to dictators, violence Occasionally, they are killed for standing up to the power Islamic Revival – Heavily influences the northern half of Africa and is spreading south Social Justice a main tenant of Islam, very popular Rejection of western (colonial) ways also very popular Government/military crackdowns have happened where Islam seems to be strong enough to impact the government Islamic Revival also created a deeper religious commitment – those who see the world becoming more SECULAR. They see that as bad/wrong and work to stop it Three Nations: A Closer Look Pressures Independence in 1942 – hoped to develop quickly 250 ethnic groups lumped together – competing for power Constitution drafted to protect all, didn’t work Bloody civil war after massacre/blockade Economic Recovery Rich in resources, especially oil, good farm land Diversity and Civil Strife for Change in Nigeria Oil boom helped recovery, gov’t developed industries Borrowed heavily from the West Rural people flooded cities for jobs, farmers ignored Military and Civilian Rule Military took over – in the name of reform – imposed rigid laws/rules IMF intervened and demanded harsh economic reforms Nigeria’s economy doing better, people being treated better Three Nations: A Closer Look Dictatorship Belgium determined to keep the Congo Did nothing to prepare the people for independence Civil War broke out when Belgium left Rich in resources, Congo capable of economic strength Struggle for control has left Congo in chaos Mobutu in Power and War in Congo US ended worst fighting Mobutu took control, renamed Zaire 34 years of increasingly brutal dictatorship – backed by West for strong anti-communist views Conflicts Continue Ethnic violence in neighboring countries spilled into Zaire Rebels overthrew Mobuto, renamed country Congo Violence, civil war has killed over 1 million Nigeria Tanzaniza Congo Three Nations: A Closer Look Tanzania’s Experiment in Socialism Julius Nyerere – wanted to change his country One-Party Rule – lots of land, little capital or resources Main exports were cotton, coffee, tea and tobacco Most worked as farmers 120 ethnic groups Party ruled, but many candidates for office Mutual Cooperation – UJAMAA Goals included improving rural life, building a classless society, and creating a selfsufficient economy “African Socialism” – African Village traditions of cooperation and shared responsibility Introduced a command economy – nationalized all banks and foreign businesses Encourage to farm collectively Gov’t pledged to build roads, provide tools, clean water, health care and schools IT DID NOT WORK – many forced to move, output went down not up Reforms – Nyerere resigned, Mwinyi replaced him Cut gov’t spending, cut gov’t size, privatized businesses, moved to market economy Food output did not go down when rest of Africa was struggling Gov’t provided basic services like water, school, healthcare Struggles in Southern Africa Zimbabwe’s Road to Majority Rule Armed Struggle Rebuilding Struggles in Southern Africa South Africa’s Long Struggle Afrikaner Nationalism Apartheid in Action Black Resistance Mandela’s Struggle Toward Reform Majority Rule Struggles in Southern Africa The New South Africa Other Nations in Southern Africa Namibia Portuguese Colonies Wars Continue Struggles in Southern Africa Outlook and Gains Education and Health Care Economic Opportunity Cultural Influence