Section 1: Colonial Rule in South East Asia

Section 1: Colonial Rule in South East Asia

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The New Imperialism

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The Scramble for Territories

 new wave of Western expansion  

Imperialism

 “New Imperialism”

Motives for Imperialism

 Economic Motives  Rivalries    Nationalism Social Darwinism and racism 

Racism

Religious or humanitarian  “The White Man’s Burden”   “heathen masses” Democracy and capitalism

Section 1: Colonial Rule in South East

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Asia

Colonial Takeover

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Great Britain

 Southeast Asia  Began with the British    1819 – Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles Malay Peninsula – Singapore Kingdom of Burma (Myanmar)

France

 Vietnam    Christian missionaries  Confucian Doctrine Vietnam too weak The French  Mekong River delta     City of Saigon 1884 –City of Hanoi

Protectorate

Cambodia, Annam, Laos, and Tonkin – to create French Indochina

Section 1: Colonial Rule in South East

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Asia

Thailand – The Exception

   France and Great Britain Siam (Thailand) Two Rulers :  

King Mongkut King Chulalongkorn

 western learning   maintained relations 1896 –independent buffer state

United States

   1898 – Spanish American War

Commodore George Dewey

President William McKinley  “civilize”  Emilio Aguinaldo   Guerrilla warfare Filipino-American War

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Section 1: Colonial Rule in South East Asia

Colonial Regimes

  Indirect or Direct Rule 

Indirect Rule

    Local rulers Natural resources Cheaper Less impact on local culture  

Direct Rule

Justification for the conquests    Representative government Religion Language  Educated “heathen” fear Colonial Economies  No Industry   Led to plantation agriculture    Peasants (wage laborers) Plantation owners High taxes Benefits of colonial rule    Modern economic system Railroads, roads, schools, Export market

Section 1: Colonial Rule in South East Asia

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Resistance to Colonial Rule

 Resistance  Ruling Class   Burma Vietnam  Can Vuong (“Save the King”)  Peasant revolts   Burma – 1930 Buddhist Monk Saya San  Early resistance movements failed  New resistance  Nationalism  Westernized intellectuals  1930’s

Section 2: Empire Building in Africa

Section 2: Empire Building in Africa

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West Africa and North Africa

 Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Spain, and Portugal 

West Africa

 Raw materials  Slave Trade  Tension 

Great Britain

   1874 -annexed Gold Coast Nigeria 

France

 1900 –French West Africa 

Germany

 Togo, Cameroon, German Southwest Africa, and German East Africa

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Section 2: Empire Building in Africa

North Africa

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Great Britain

  Egypt  Ottoman Empire  

Muhammad Ali

reforms to modernize Egypt  Europeans wanted to build a canal   Ferdinand de Lesseps - Suez Canal British -“Their lifeline to India”    1914 - Protectorate Sudan  1875 – British will buy Egypt’s share 1881 – Revolt British “to protect their interests”    Muslim Cleric Muhammad Ahmad (the Mahdi) British – General Charles Gordon Khartoum in 1885  

France

 1879 –Algeria  1881 –Tunisia and Morocco protectorates

Italy

  Ethiopia and 1911 –Tripoli and will rename Libya

Section 2: Empire Building in Africa

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Central and East Africa

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Central Africa

   Explorers

David Livingstone

 Uncharted regions   Made detailed notes Maps

Henry Stanley

       

New York Herald

“Dr. Livingstone, I presume?” Livingstone will die in 1873 Congo River to the Atlantic Ocean British King Leopold II of Belgium Leopold will hire Stanley in 1876 France

Section 2: Empire Building in Africa

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East Africa

 1885 – Great Britain and Germany    Otto Von Bismarck  “ all this colonial business is a sham, but we need it for the elections” Great Britain, Germany, Belgium and Portugal Berlin Conference (1884-1885)  German and British   Portugal - Mozambique No delegates from African nations were present

Section 2: Empire Building in Africa

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South Africa

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The Boer Republics

 Rapid expansion  Boers and Afrikaners  During the Napoleonic Wars 

The Boers

 Orange and Vaal Rivers  Two independent republics:  Orange Free State  Transvaal  White superiority was ordained by God  Indigenous people into reservations  Zulus -leader was Shaka

Section 2: Empire Building in Africa

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Cecil Rhodes

 “ I think what [God] would like me to do is to paint as much of Africa British red as possible”  Transvaal  Rhodes will be replaced 

Boer War (1899 – 1902)

 Boers used guerilla warfare  Burn crops and detention camps  1902  1910 –Union of South Africa  Self-governing state

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Section 2: Empire Building in Africa

Effects of Imperialism

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Colonial Rule in Africa

   1914 Liberia and Ethiopia The British ruled with indirect rule    1903 in Sokoto in Northern Nigeria  Good   Bad foster class and tribal tensions The French ruled with direct rule   Governor-general Assimilation

Rise of African Nationalism

 New class of Africans  West culture    Came to resent to foreign occupation European Superiority Confusion  Organize political parties and movements

Section 3: British Rule in India

Section 3: British Rule in India

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The Sepoy Mutiny

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Events Leading to Revolt

  British East India Trading Company 

Sepoys

 1857   Sepoy Mutiny /The first war of Independence /Great Rebellion The problem:  pig and cow grease    soldiers had to bite off the ends Sepoys Sepoys in Meerut    Other revolts broke out all over India Muslims and Hindus Many atrocities– Kanpur

Effects of the Revolt

    Transfer of power 1876 – Queen Victoria

Viceroy

Help to fuel Indian nationalism

Section 3: British Rule in India

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British Colonial Rule

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Benefits of British rule

 Order and stability  Fair and honest government  New school system    Built roads, canals, universities and medical centers Postal service Built a Railroad system 

Costs of British Rule

 Economic Costs   Most of the country remained poor British Industries    Zamindars British - farmers to stop growing food Degrading  British racism and arrogance

Section 3: British Rule in India

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Indian Nationalists

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Early Nationalists

 Upper class and English educated  Preferred reform to revolution 

Indian National Congress

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Mohandas Gandhi

 1915 – returns to India  nonviolent resistance

Section 3: British Rule in India

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Colonial Indian Culture

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Cultural revolution in India

  University of Calcutta Own national identity   Indian novelists and poets

Nationalist Newspapers

  Regional languages – nationalist support Journalist Balwantrao Gangahar Tilak    Kesari (“The Lion”) Editor G.S. Aiyar   Swadeshamitram (“Friend of Our Nation”) Triplicane Literary Society

Tagore

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Rabindranath Tagore

  Most famous Indian author Bande Mataram (“Hail to Thee, Mother”)   International university Fought to promote Indian pride in nationalism

Section 4: Nation Building in Latin America

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Section 4: Nation Building in Latin America Nationalist Revolts

    American Revolution

Creoles

 land and business  Spanish and the Portuguese

Prelude to Revolution

  Creoles

Peninsulares

  Napoleon’s wars Island of Hispaniola – in Saint Domingue  François-Dominique Toussaint-Louverture

Revolt in Mexico

 1810 Miguel Hidalgo   Native American and Mestizos September 16, 1810    Creoles and the Peninsulares Agustin de Iturbide 1821 Mexico will declare their independence

Section 4: Nation Building in Latin

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America

Revolts in South America

“Liberators of South America”   Jose de San Martin (Argentina)  Led revolts throughout the continent   1810 –Argentina Chile     Battle of Chacabuco Chile independence in 1818 Peru Joined forces with Simon Bolivar and defeated the Spanish   Simon Bolivar (Venezuela)  1810 in Venezuela  New Granada (Columbia) and Ecuador 1824 – Argentina, Columbia, Chile, Venezuela, Peru, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Bolivia   1822 – Brazil 1823 – Central American states had become independent  1838 divided into five republics: Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua

Threats to Independence

    1820’s Concert of Europe British US– President James Monroe

Monroe Doctrine

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Section 4: Nation Building in Latin America

Nation Building

     Problems – wars, revolts, lack of transportation, communication, etc.

Rule of the Caudillos

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Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

 1833-1855   “Napoleon of the West” 1835 –Texas territory of Mexico    War with the US (1846-1848)

Benito Juarez

  1855 – 1876 Brought liberal reforms

Juan Manuel de Rosa

 Argentina

A New Imperialism

 Great Britain and the US  US “ Dollar Diplomacy” (William Howard Taft)  Foreign investors

Economic Dependence

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Cash Crops Persistent Inequality

 Landed elites   Large estates held the best land Land was the basis of wealth, social prestige, and political power

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Section 4: Nation Building in Latin America

Change in Latin America The U.S. and Latin America

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Revolution in Mexico

 Porfirio Diaz (1877 – 1911)   Francisco Madero Emiliano Zapata  1910 -1920 – Mexican Revolution  New constitution in 1917  Mexican Patriotism

Prosperity and Social Change

    By the 1870’s - a constitution Late 1800s the US began to intervene 1895 – Jose Marti - Cuba Spanish-American War 1903 – President Teddy Roosevelt  Panama Canal (Opened in 1914) American investments and US military  Nicaragua – 1912 – 1933 After 1870 age of prosperity Exports & Imports After 1900 Middle Class in LA