Transcript Imperialism - Leleua Loupe
Chapter 21
THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM
The Spread of Colonial Rule
• Q: What were the causes of the new imperialism of the nineteenth century, and how did it differ from European expansion in earlier periods?
Motives for Colonialism
• Economic – Raw materials • Oil, tin, rubber – New markets • Needed to absorb manufactured goods
Imperialism
• Process of western economic expansion in Asia and Africa • efforts of western capitalist states to seize markets, cheap raw materials, and lucrative avenues for investment
Voices of Imperialism
• John A Hobson ,
Imperialism: A Study in 1902
, – modern imperialism was a direct consequence of the modern industrial economy – wealth, national status, and political power went hand in hand with possession of a colonial empire.
Voices of Imperialism
• French politician, Jules Ferry , 1885 – expressed the relationship between colonialism and national survival: •
a policy of containment or abstinence would set France on the broad road to decadence and initiate its decline into a 3 rd or 4 th rate power
. – theory of Social Darwinism • in the struggle between nations only the fit will survive.
Voices of Imperialism
• British professor of Math , Karl Pearson –
“the path of progress is strewn with the wrecks of nation; traces are everywhere to be seen of the [slaughtered remains] of inferior races….yet these dead people are, in very truth, the stepping stones on which mankind has arisen to the higher intellectual and deeper emotional life of today.”
Voices of Imperialism
• Moral Arguments – Promote Christianity – Build a better world. • Cecil Rhodes , – purpose was to extend the British empire on “which the sun never set.”
Colonial Rivalry
• Colonial rivalry – scramble to acquire new territories in Asia and Africa, primary motive, economic – Africa • British engaged in a struggle with rivals to protect their interests in the Suez canal and Red Sea – Southeast Asia • US seized the Philippines from Spain and to keep them from the Japanese – Indochina • The French took over in competition with Germany, Japan or the US would usurp that territory
Scramble Complete
• By 1900 all societies of Africa and Asia were under full colonial rule or on the verge of collapse as was the case with China and the Ottoman empire.
• Exceptions: – Japan, East Asia, Thailand, Afghanistan, Persia, Ethiopia in East Africa.
The Colonial System
• Q: What types of administrative systems d the various colonial powers establish in their colonies, and how did these systems reflect the general philosophy of colonialism?
Indirect Rule
• Cooperating with local elites – Purchased loyalty – Economic rewards for cooperation – Confirming them in positions of authority and status in an new colonial setting. • In parts of Africa and Indian subcontinent, • the Malay peninsula – Countries that were most effective in resisting included those who had along tradition of national cohesion and independence: » Burma, Vietnam, African Muslim states such as Nigeria and Morocco.
Direct Rule
• Directly imposed or replaced indigenous government, institutions – Re-organized social, political, economic and often, gender relationships • Response to resistance efforts • Policies designed to eradicate source of resistance • Destroy sources of tradition
Philosophy of Colonialism
• “Might makes it right” – pseudoscientific validation from the concept of Social Darwinism • “White mans burden” – Moral justification: • bringing the benefits of western democracy, capitalism, and Christianity to the tradition-ridden societies of Africa and Asia, – (civilizing mission)
Association
• The French adopted the terms association & assimilation: • Association: – implied collaboration with the local elites while leaving local traditions alone
Assimilation
• Assimilation – Implies an effort to transform colonial societies in the western image • French approached colonization both ways
India Under the British Raj
• Q: What were some of the major consequences of British rule in India, and how did they affect the Indian peoples?
British India, 1800
• Empire of the Muhgals colonized – British sought to consolidate their control over Indian and expand into the interior – Direct Rule • East India company • Later by the British crown – Indirect Rule • through their local Maharajas and rajas.
The East Indian Co. Resident and His Puppet •company’s resident dominating a procession in Tanjore in 1825, while the Indian ruler, Sarabhoji, follows like an obedient shadow © Art Media, Victoria and Albert Museum, London/HIP/The Image Works
Colonial Reforms Benefits
• British government brought order and stability to a society rent by civil war and • Benefits – Increase in access to education • Girls had some increase access – wifely duties, – Sati outlawed of Sati – widows allowed to remarry legally – new infrastructure of railroads and telegraph, postal service, health and sanitation improved.
Costs of Colonialism
• High price for stability • Economic costs : hardship to the majority of millions of people – Introduction of British textiles put thousands of Bengali women out of work and severely damaged the local textile industry
Costs of Colonialism
• British introduced the Zamindar system: – To facilitate the collection of agricultural taxes and create a new landed gentry who could become the conservative foundation of British rule.
• local gentry increased the tax burden on peasants and forced many to become tenants or lose their land entirely.
– Rebellion led to new legislation protecting farmers from eviction and unreasonable rent increases as a concession
India Under British Rule, 1805 –1931
•This map shows the different forms of rule that the British applied in India under their control.
The Cost of Colonialism
• Economic costs – Limited industrialization, • remiss in bringing the benefits of modern science and technology • Psychological impact: – British arrogance, contempt and discrimination • cut deeply into the pride of many Indians, especially those of high caste
Colonial regimes in SE Asia
• Q: Which western countries were most active in seeking colonial possessions in Southeast Asia, and what were their motives in doing so?
•
Colonial Regimes in Southeast Asia
1800 only two societies were under colonial rule
–
Spanish Philippines
–
Dutch East Indies
•
1900 the entire area colonized by the west
The Effects of Dutch Colonialism in Java
•
Dutch administration buildings in Batavia
© William J. Duiker
Singapore and Malaya
•
“
Opportunity in the Orient” • 1819 Stamford Raffles founded British colony in Singapore • Strategic shipping port in the region
Government Hill in Singapore
•Strait of Malacca, an important commercial seaport in Asia.
© British Library/HIP/Art Resource, NY
Colonial Southeast Asia
•British Burma •Malacca •French Vietnam •Laos •Cambodia •American Philippines
The Nature of Colonial Rule
• Administration and Education – Slow to adopt democratic institutions • Albert Sarraut advised patience in in awaiting the full benefits colonial policy –
I will treat you like my younger brothers, but do not forget that I am the older brother. I will slowly give you the dignity of humanity
– Slow to adopt educational reforms • French officials in Vietnam voiced opposition to expanding education –
Educating the natives meant not “one coolie less but one rebel more
Cultural Influences — East and West
© Archives Charmet/The Bridgeman Art Library
The Nature of Colonial Rule
• Economic Development – Exploitation of raw materials • Burma: Teakwood • Malaya: Rubber and Tin • East Indies: spices, tea, coffee, palm oil • Philippines: sugar, copra (coconut flesh) – Limited industrialization • Industrialization to meet needs of European elite and local elites • Most industrial and commercial establishments, banking, & trade, owned and managed by Europeans
The Nature of Colonial Rule
• Colonialism and the Countryside – Majority of people agrarian •
Subsistence agriculture
• Plantation agriculture – European Rubber & Tea Plantations – Workers “Shanghaied” • English term , practice of recruiting laborers, often from the docks and streets of Shanghai: use of force, drugs or alcohol
The Production of Rubber
• European Cash Crop of Asia •Slave wages.
© William J. Duiker
The Production of Rubber
•.latex sheets © William J. Duiker
Empire Building in Africa
• Q: What factors were behind the “Scramble for Africa” and what impact did it have on the continent?
18thC Africa
• 18 th C interest limited to the coast and the slave trade – Indirect rule or influence through African rulers and merchant intermediaries • Factors that limited expansion – Disease • malaria – Political instability – Lack of transportation
Domestic Slaves, Zanzibar, 1890
•Slave trade in decline: growing outrage among humanitarians in European countries over human trafficking & increase in price coupled with decrease in demand © Bojan Brecelj/CORBIS
Decline of Slave Trade
• • Dutch ceased the trafficking by1795, Danes in 1803, • Britain & America declared it illegal in 1808 – By 1815 only Portugal and Spain were legally active. – By the 1880s the institution was abolished in all major countries in the world. • It was finally abolished in America by 1863 and in Cuba and brazil 17 years later
Empire Building in Africa Informal Empire
• The Growing European Presence in • West Africa – Emergence of European educated elite class of Africans who were then employed by Europeans – Christianizing – African social splits – Tensions with African government – British: Gold Coast, Sierra Leone – America: Liberia – French: Senegal River near Cape Verde • Peanut plantations
Imperialist Shadow over the Nile
• Historical interest in building a canal between the Mediterranean and Red Sea – Turks, 16 th C – King Louis of France, 17 th C – Napolean,1798 toppled the Mamluk regime in Cairo – British restored the Mamluk Muhammad Ali, Ottoman officer seized control for 30 years – Ferdinand de Lesseps,1854, signed a contract to have the canal completed by 1869
The Suez Canal
• French Egypt – Project indebted the government – Dependent on foreign aid – Revolt against foreign influence led Britain to step in and protect its investments (1875 shares) – Established an informal protectorate until WWI
The Opening of the Suez Canal, 1869
•Continues to be Egypt’s greatest revenue producer © Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, NY
British Control of Egypt & Sudan
• Great Britain’s interest in region strategic – Suez Canal shortened distance between Europe & Asia • Designed by a French engineer & built by an international company • Opened in 1869 • Far flung empire & trading network, Britain had the greatest interest in its control – 1875 Britain acquired control when the ruler of Egypt sold his shares in the company to British government to avoid bankruptcy – 1882 British advisors supervised all important Egyptian government offices & became real rulers of the country • Technically or nominally remained a province of the Ottoman Empire
Suez Canal, 1869
• Canal opened • Europeans directly controlled only a scattering of outposts – African Coast – Algeria – North Africa – Southern Tip of Africa
Sudan
• Egypt claimed authority over Sudan • Sudan controlled the water supply of the Nile River – Sudanese resented Egyptian control – Revolted in 1883 under the Mahdi (Rightly Guided One) the leader of the Nationalist movement – 1896 – 1898 General Sir Herbert Kitchener undertook recon quest of Sudan
French Conquest & Settlement of Northwest Africa
• 1830 – 1869 France conquered Algeria – Used as a base for further advances into the Sahara – 1881 Made Tunisia a protectorate (in spite of Italy’s claim) – Expanded west into Morocco
French Empire
• Encouraged re-settlement, unlike Britain in Egypt – Algeria – French dispossessed people of best land – 1911 population 5.6 million, 752,000 were European – Tunisia 130,000 Europeans • Friction between wealthy white minority & Arab Majority • Muslims treated like a conquered people
White Privilege
• French settlers or
Colons
had representation in the legislature in metropolitan France • Muslims had no representation –
The Arab must accept the fate of the conquered, he must either become assimilated to our civilization or disappear. European civilization can have no sympathy for the life of a savage
1912
• Several European nations had completed partitioning of Africa • Incorporated territories into their Empire • Only two states remained independent post partition – Liberia • Settled by former slaves of America • Remained economically dependent on U.S. companies – Firestone – Ethiopia • Had successfully repelled Italy’s attempt to conquer it in 1896
The Partition – Science & Technological advance
• Science and technology allowed for partition – Quinine (bark of Cinchona tree) defended against malaria – Dutch & British empires began producing it in significant quantities to allow citizens to colonize
Industrial development
• Demand for raw materials from Africa & elsewhere increased • Improvements in shipping reduced transportation costs, • Steamships, telegraphs, railways, superior guns, military equipment facilitated European intervention & control • European mentality, economic system & morality – the desire & justification to conquer other peoples was present
Belgium
• King Leopold II, 1876 – “I want my share of this wonderful African cake” • Organized private commercial organization to exploit resources of Congo basin – Established the Congo Free State – Exploitation of land and people of Congo justified accusations that modern tropical colonization by Europeans was motivated by economic greed • International outcry against repressive policies forced him to appoint a Commission of inquiry in 1904
Commission of Inquiry, 1904
• Found enslavement & brutality of people for extraction of rubber • 1908 Belgium government replaced King’s regime with less exploitative one
The Scramble for Africa
© Snarky/Art Resource, NY
Berlin West African Conference 1884-1885
• European colonial powers agreed on “first come, first served” as basic rule for dividing Africa • Justified it as a civilizing mission • 1884 scramble intensified – Portugal, Spain, Great Britain, France, Italy, Germany – 1871-1900 Britain added 4.3 million miles of territory & 66 million by acquiring its African Empire
Serving the White Ruler
•African workers carry British officers across a mangrove swamp in Central Africa. Two porters in the rear bring the liquor.
© Mary Evans Picture Library/The Image Works
Resistance
• invasion disrupted to traditional life ways, political, socio-economic systems • 25 conflicts with Europeans before WWI – Key resisters • Ethiopia • Ashanti in present day Ghana • Followers of the Mahdi in Sudan • Zulus in Southern Africa – All lost in the end with exception of Ethiopia who skillfully used modern weapons they purchased
South Africa
• 17 th C Dutch Colonists began settling among the San & Khoi (hunt/gath) & the Bantu speaking peoples who engaged in herding & agriculture • Zulu – Forged people into a fighting nation that defeated and subjugated other tribes and fought white colonists in several Zulu wars – Although eventually defeated – Bantu people moved into Southern Africa – Black Majority and white minority = racial caste system
Rise & Fall of Boer Republics
• 19 th C attracted white colonists – Climate, soil, gold & diamonds – Great Britain acquired the Dutch Colony at the Cape of Good Hope in 1815 – Inherited Dutch colonists of the land – The Boers or Farmers • Resented British rule and law ending slavery in 1833 – Forced them to free their slaves
The Sunday Battle
•To escape British control, Boers made a mass migration called the Great Trek into the interior of Africa between 1835 & 1841 © Mary Evans Picture Library/Everett Collection
•. Boer’s established 2 independence republics:
Orange Free State
and
Transvaal
•British established Natal in Cape Province
Struggle over resources (Gold)
• 1899 Anglo-Boer War – Guerilla tactics – Scorched earth policy – Concentration camps – 1902 Boers surrendered – Union of South Africa • Two Boer Colonies federated with British colonies of Natal and Cape in 1909 • Established white supremacy, denied suffrage to black majority
Rhodesia
• Orange Free state – previously had been called Great Zimbabwe, an African State –
Cecil Rhodes
made a fortune in diamond mining in South Africa and carved out two new colonies for Great Britain – To be governed by Rhode’s
South African Company
• Northern Rhodesia • Southern Rhodesia
1890s
• Rhode’s South African Company – Army won Portuguese acquiescence in the British takeover of that area – Defeat of Matabele & Mashona tribes • Resentful of exploitation of land and labor • 1897 fighting ended • Sponsored British immigration – 5% of population European
Impact
• Many suffered • Especially where Europeans re-settled or extracted resources – Tribes were split under different jurisdictions – Previous hostile tribes were grouped under a single administration • Kenya & Rhodesia – 100,000s lost land, forced to live on inferior lands as native reserves or become tenants & laborers on new white owned lands
Indirect Impacts
• Slavery abolished in Britain in 1808 • continued to enslave Africans enslaved for public works and mineral extraction – Imposed through violence
Christian Missionaries
• Missionary teacher and preacher more likely than colonial administrator to be in contact with more remote peoples – “Bush Schools” – Western Education & Religion expanded • Islam remained dominant – Majority of Algerians, Morocco, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt and Northern Sudan resisted conversion
Revere the conquering heroes: Establishing British rule in Africa
© Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
New African Leadership Anti-colonial movements
• Educated – Wanted to seize new opportunities created by colonialism – Began to develop anti-colonial movements • Prior to WWI, demanded African Christian Churches be placed under black African leadership • New African independent states be established based on modern democratic principles
Revolts in North Africa
• Nationalist Political movements – Morocco • Rif Rebellion led by Krim Brothers • Brutally crushed by French and Spanish forces – Algeria – Libya • Italians bombed rebellion – Tunisia • French crushed movements in early 1900s
Africa in 1914
•.
Cultural Influences —East and West
© Werner Forman/Art Resource, NY
Royal Palace at Bangkok
© William J. Duiker
Gateway to India
© William J. Duiker