Transcript stearns_AP_7e_ch01 - Northside Middle School

World Civilizations
The Global Experience
AP® Seventh Edition
Chapter
1
From Human Prehistory to
the Early Civilizations
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Chapter Overview
I. Getting Started Is Always Hard
II. Human Development and Change
III.The Neolithic Revolution
IV.Agriculture and Change
V. Nomadic Societies
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 1.1 Crouching against a wall to
shelter the first sparks from wind, a Neolithic
woman spins a dried yucca stalk against a
much-used fire-starter to generate heat that
will kindle a fire on the dried plant material she
has placed under the fire-starting stick.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
TIMELINE
2.5 Million B.C.E. to 10,000 B.C.E.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Getting Started Is Always Hard
• Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age)
– Rise of humankind until 12,000 B.C.E.
• Homo sapiens by 10,000 B.C.E.
– Larger brain
– Tools, weapons
• Homo sapiens sapiens
– From Africa
– Language gene
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 1.2 In Lascaux, France, in 1940, four
boys happened upon a long-hidden cave filled
with thousands of complex and beautiful Stone
Age paintings like this none. Most of the
paintings are of animals, some of which were
extinct by the time they were painted. No one
knows for sure why Stone Age artists painted
these pictures, but they remain a powerful
reminder of the sophistication of so-called
primitive peoples.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Human Development and Change
• Social organization
– Equality between hunters/gatherers
– Slow population growth
• Better tool use
• Migration to new climates
– Fire
– Animal skins
• Neolithic Age (New Stone Age)
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
VISUALIZING THE PAST Representations of
Women in Early Art
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Map 1.1 The Spread of Human
Populations, c. 10,000 B.C.E.
As the map indicates, Homo sapiens sapiens
first emerged in a single core area in east Africa
and then migrated over long periods of time
north to the Mediterranean and Europe, east to
Asia, and then ultimately across the seas to the
Americas and Oceania.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
The Neolithic Revolution
• Invention of agriculture
– Lower yield from hunting
• Animals domesticated
– Dogs, sheep, goats, pigs, cattle
• Neolithic revolution
– Agriculture developed alongside hunting
and gathering
– Early resistance
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Map 1.2 The Spread of Agriculture
Agriculture appears to have spread in ways
similar to human populations, but from a
Middle Eastern rather than African epicenter.
And in important cases, particularly in the
Americas, a wide range of staple crops were
known in only some parts of the world until
Columbus’s voyage in the late-15th century
brought together the civilizations of the
Americas and Afro-Euroasia.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Agriculture and Change
• Tribes to villages
– Irrigation, defense
– Organization of labor
• Çatal Hüyük
– c. 7000 B.C.E., southern Turkey
– Large complex
– Agriculture, some trade
– Shrines
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 1.3 Excavation of the ancient
settlement at Çatal Hüyük, in what is now
southern Turkey. Movement within the
settlement was mainly across the roofs and
terraces of the houses. Because each dwelling
had a substantial storeroom for food, the
settlement was often the target of attacks by
outsiders. The houses were joined together to
provide protection from such attacks; when the
outside entrances were barricaded, the complex
was transformed into a fortress.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Agriculture and Change
• Bronze Age
– Metal replaces stone tools.
– Agricultural significance
– Metalworking as specialized trade
– Woodworking more elaborate
• Craft manufacturing
• Wheel
– c. 4000 B.C.E.
– Advancements in commerce, war
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Nomadic Societies
• Nomads
– Roaming herders on fringes of civilizations
– Indo-Europeans
 c. 1500
B.C.E.
– Xionghu (Huns)
 From 4th century
 Central Asia
B.C.E.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Nomadic Societies
• Nomadic Society and Culture
– Seasonal travel
 Harsh environment
– Animals
 Horses
– Violence
 Perceived as cruelty
– Band of 30–15 people
– Strong men as leaders; patriarchy
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Nomadic Societies
• Nomads and Civilizations
– Invasions
 Change population structure
 Political leadership
– Often peaceful, mutually beneficial
relationship with agricultural societies
 Trade
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
The Idea of Civilization in World
Historical Perspective
• Fundamental differences
– Civilized vs. "savage," "inferior"
• What makes one uncivilized
– Greeks: barbarians = "those who cannot
speak Greek"
– Cultural attributes (language, dress,
manners)
• Shift did not happen until 18th–19th
centuries.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved