Transcript The Transcontinental Empire of Chinggis Khan

World Civilizations
The Global Experience
Sixth Edition
Chapter
19
The Last Great
Nomadic Challenges:
From Chinggis Khan to
Timur
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
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Last Great Nomadic Challenges
I. The Transcontinental Empire of Chinggis
Khan
II. The Mongol Drive to the West
III. The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Transcontinental Empire of
Chinggis Khan
• Mongol Culture
– Nomadic pastoralists
 Goats, sheep
– Tribe
 Divided into clans
– Temporary confederations
– Leaders elected
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Transcontinental Empire of
Chinggis Khan
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Making of a Great Warrior:
The Early Career of Chinggis Khan
• Kabul Khan
– 1100s, defeats Qin forces
– Grandson, Temujin
• Chinggis Khan
– Born Temujin
– Develops alliances among Mongols
– 1206, elected khagan (supreme ruler)
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Building the Mongol War Machine
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Mounted warriors
Tumens,10,000 troops
Messenger force
Adopted gunpowder, cannons
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Conquest: The Mongol Empire under
Chinggis Khan
• 1207, expedition
• China
– Xi-Xia, Tangut king defeated
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First Assault on the Islamic World:
Conquest in China
• Kara Khitai defeated
– Mongolian
• Khwarazm, Muhammad Shah II defeated
• Return to China
– Xi-Xia kingdom and Qin Empire destroyed
• 1227, death of Chinggis Khan
– Empire from Persia to North China Sea
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Life Under the Mongol Imperium
• Harsh, tolerant
• Chinggis Khan
– Capital at karakorum
– Shamanistic
 Tolerated other religions
– New administration
• Commerce thrives
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Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Death of Chinggis Khan and the
Division of the Empire
• 1227, division of empire
– Three sons, one grandson
– Ogedei, third son
 Elected great khan
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The Four Khanates of the Divided
Monghol Empire
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The Mongol Drive to the West
• Golden Horde
– Khan's tent
• Russia in the 1200s
– Many kingdoms
– Mongols (Tartars) invade
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition
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The Mongol Drive to the West
• Batu, grandson of Chinggis Khan
– 1236, begins conquest of Russia
– 1240, Kiev taken and sacked
– Novgorod spared
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
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The Mongol Empire and the Global
Exchange Network
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Russia in Bondage
• Russians in vassalage to Golden Horde
• Commerce benefits
• Moscow thrives
– Metropolitan head of Orthodox church
– Leads Russian resistance to Mongol
• Kulikova, 1380
– Golden Horde defeated
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Mongol Incursions and the
Retreat from Europe
• Hungary, 1240
• Death of Ogedei
– Batu retreats
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The Mongol Assault on the
Islamic Heartlands
• Hulegu
– Grandson of Chinggis Khan
– Ilkhan
– West to Mesopotamia, north Africa
– 1258, Baghdad sacked
– 1260, stopped by Baibars
 Egyptian Mamluks
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The Mongol Interlude in
Chinese History
• Ogedei renews attack on China
• Kubilai Khan
– Grandson of Chinggis Khan
– Attacks Song
– 1271, transformation to Yuan dynasty
– Capital at Tatu (Beijing)
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Gender Roles and the Convergence of
Mongol and Chinese Culture
• Mongol women retain liberties
• Chabi, wife of Kubilai, influential
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Mongol Tolerance and Foreign
Cultural Influence
• Mongol patronage
– Attracts scholars, artists
• Religious toleration
– Buddhists, Nestorians, Latin Christians,
Daoists, Muslims
• Marco Polo
– Visits court
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Social Policies and Scholar-Gentry
Resistance
• Ethnic Chinese resist
– Especially scholar-gentry
• Kubilai
– Protects peasant lands
– Famine relief
– Tax, labor burden lessened
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The Fall of the House of Yuan
• Death of Kubilai
– Dynasty already weakened
– Song revolt
• 1274, 1280, Japan attacked
– Failure
• By 1350s, territory lost
• Ju Yanzhang
– Founds Ming dynasty
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Aftershock: The Brief Ride of
Timur
• Timur-i Lang (Tamerlane)
– Turkish
– Base at Samarkand
• 1360s, conquests
– Persia, Fertile Crescent, India, Russia
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The Mongol Interlude in Chinese
History
• 1405, death
– Empire dissolves
– End of steppe nomad conquests
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Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
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