Transcript Chapter 21

World Civilizations
The Global Experience
AP* Sixth Edition
Chapter
21
The Muslim Empires
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Muslim Empires
I. The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to
Empire Builders
II. The Shi’a Challenge of the Safavids
III. The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim
Civilization in India
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Muslim Empires
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Muslim Empires
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Ottomans: From Frontier
Warriors to Empire Builders
• Mid-1200s, Mongols defeat Seljuks
– Ottomans emerge dominant
• Into Balkans, 14th, 15th centuries
– 1453, take Constantinople
• Expansion
– Middle East, north Africa, Europe
– Dominate Mediterranean
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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A State Geared to Warfare
• Military dominant
– Turkic horsemen become warrior nobility
– Janissary infantry
 Conscripted youth from conquered peoples
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Ottoman, Safavid, and
Mughal Empires
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
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The Sultans and their Court
• Use factions against each other
• Vizier
– Oversees large bureaucracy
• Succession
– No clear rules
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Constantinople Restored
•
•
•
•
Commercial center
Government control of trade, crafts
Artisan guilds
Turkish prevails
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Expansion of the Ottoman Empire
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Problem of Ottoman Decline
• Strong until late 1600s
• Decline
– Extended
– Infrastructure insufficient
– Dependent on conquest
 End of conquest brings deficiencies
– Regional leaders divert revenue
– Sultans less dynamic
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Military Reverses and
the Ottoman Retreat
• Janissaries
– Conservative
– Stop military, technological reform
• Lepanto, 1571
– Defeated by Spain, Venice
– Turks lose control of eastern Mediterranean
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Military Reverses and
the Ottoman Retreat
• Portuguese outflank Middle East trade
– Sail around Africa into Indian Ocean
– Victories over Muslim navies
• Inflation
– Caused by New World bullion
– Comes at same time as loss of revenue from
control of trade
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Shi’a Challenge of the Safavids
• Safavid family
– Sufi preachers, mystics
– Sail al-Din
 Leads revival
– 1501, Ismâ'il takes Tabriz
 Named shah
• Chaldiran, 1514
– Safavids defeated by Ottomans
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Safavid Empire
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
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Politics and War under the
Safavid Shahs
• Tahmasp I
– Becomes shah
• Abbas I (1587-1629)
– Height of Ottoman Empire
– Persians as bureaucrats
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
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State and Religion
• Adopt Persian after Chaldiran
– Also Persian court traditions
• Shi'ism modified
– Spreads to entire empire
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
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Commercial Revival, Elite Affluence and
the Art of the Mosque
• Abbas I supports international trade,
Islamic culture
– Building projects
 Mosques in Isfahan
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
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Society and Gender Roles:
Ottoman and Safavid Comparisons
• Commonalities
– Warrior aristocracies
 Move to rural estates after conquest
 Threat to central power
– Imperial workshops
 Artisans patronized
– International trade encouraged
– Women lose freedom
 Subordinate to fathers, husbands
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Rapid Demise of the Safavid
Empire
• Abbas I
– Removes heirs
– Weak grandson inherits
 Decline begins
• Internecine conflict, outside threats
– 1772, Isfahan taken by Afghanis
• Nadir Khan Afshar
– Shah, 1736
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim
Civilization in India
• Abbas I
– Removes heirs
– Weak grandson inherits
 Decline begins
• Internecine conflict, outside threats
– 1772, Isfahan taken by Afghanis
• Nadir Khan Afshar
– Shah, 1736
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim
Civilization in India
• Babur
– Driven from Afghanistan
– Invades India, 1526
– Turkic
– Panipat, 1526
 Defeats Muslim Lodi dynasty
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim
Civilization in India
• Babur
– Khanua, 1527
 Defeats Hindu confederation
– 1530, death
 Succeeded by Humayn
• Flees to Persia
• Mughal rule restored by Humayn by 1556
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
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Akbar and the Basis for a Lasting
Empire
• Akbar
– Humayn's 13-year-old son
– Reconciliation with Hindus
 New religion, Din-i-Ilahi
• Blend of Islam and Hinduism
 Toleration
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
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The Growth of the Mughal Empire
from Akbar to Aurangzeb
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
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Social Reform and Social Change
• Women
– Position improved
– Widows encouraged to remarry
– Child marriages discouraged
– Sati prohibited
– Seclusion undermined by women's market
days
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Mughal Splendor and Early
European Contacts
• Death of Akbar
– Reforms don't survive
– Empire strong
• Cotton textiles to Europe
– Especially among laboring and middle classes
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
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Artistic Achievement in the
Mughal Era
• Jahangir and Shah Jahan, 17th century
– Continue toleration
– Less energetic
– Support arts
 Taj Mahal
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
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Court Politics and the Position of
Elite and Ordinary Women
• Nur Jahan
– Wife of Jahangir
– Head of powerful faction
• Mumtaz Mahal
– Wife of Shah Jahan
– Also powerful
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Court Politics and the Position of
Elite and Ordinary Women
• Ordinary women
– Position declines
– Sati spreads among upper classes
– Other of Akbar's reforms die out
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Beginnings of Imperial Decline
• Aurangzeb
– Succeeds Shah Jahan
– Programs
 Rule all India
 Cleanse Islam of Hindu taint
– 1707, controls most of India
 Expensive, distracting
 Other developments disregarded
• Revolt
• Autonomy of local leaders
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Beginnings of Imperial Decline
• Aurangzeb
– Hindus exluded from high office
 Non-Muslims taxed
– Marattas and Sikhs challenge rule
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Global Connections:
Gunpowder Empires and the Restoration of
the Islamic Bridge Between Civilizations
• Comparison with Russian and Chinese
growth in the same period
– All highly centralized politically
– Absolute, hereditary rulers
– Dependent on new military technologies
• Transmission of scientific knowledge
• Artistic influence between Muslim empires
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.