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2012, 05, 25, NKNU
A study of vowels
Raung-fu Chung
Southern Taiwan University
[email protected]
1. Introduction
Outline:
a. Hakka: people and languages
b. Hakka and SM: language attitude
2. Vowels: backgrounds
a. vowels and consonants
b. F1 and F2
3. Vowels in Hakka varieties
a. Methodology
b. Results and discussion
4. Remaining issues
5. Concluding Remarks
Hakka:Distribution
1. The only language in the Chinese language
family, which is not named according to a
province or a historical area
e.g. Wu (historical area)
Yue (Cantonese)(Province)
2. Hakka has no land of its own:There is no
land called Hakka
3. Distribution: Where there is sun, there is
Hakka
However, most Hakka live in the area of
North-eastern Guangdong, Southern
Jiangxi, and Western Fujian.
In Taiwan, Hakka is a minority. However, it is
almost spoken in very corner of this island.
As shown below.
Hakka in Taiwan:6 varieties
1. Northern Sixian: Miaoli
2. Southern Sixian: Liudui (Kaohsiung nad
Pingtung)
3. Hailu: Shinchu, Taoyuan
4. Zhaoan: Yunlin
5. Dapu: Dongshi
6. Raoping: Taoyuan, Miaoli
Some digression:
Hakka and Southern Min: their difference in
language attitude.
In general, both Hakka and Southern Min
speakers immigrated almost at the same
time. Nevertheless, they are now quite
different in many respects:
1. Where SM speakers go, they consider
themselves natives of that land, e.g. Tainan
people, Chia-yi people. In contrast, Hakka
cannot get rid of the names of the places
where they were from:
Sixian: 4 counties of Guangdong
(Xingning, Jiaolin, Pingyuan, and Wuhua)
Hailu: Hai Feng and Lu Feng
Dapu, Zhaoan, Raoping are place names
of Mainland China
2. Although there are a lot of varieties of SM,
e.g. Zhangzhou, Quanzhou, Tongan, etc,
they do not label or mark a certain dialect in
their daily communication. What they speak
is so-called Taiwanese. Such an ideology is
a force for all the varieties to converse for
merge into one.
It is different in the case of Hakka. Most
Hakka think highly of their own accent or
variety and deny other dialects.
For the time being, it is officially as well as
academically accepted that there are 6
varieties of Hakka in Taiwan. In essence,
they are not entirely intelligible to each
other. From another perspective, we might
claim that they are intelligible if they like.
As a Southern Sixain speaker, it took me
two hours to get the regular correspondence
between Sixian and Hailu. From then on,
Hailu is intelligible to me, although I can
merely speak very little of this variety.
Here I would like to show that the six Hakka
varieties are not so divergent on the basis of
vowels. My study aims to express the idea
that Hakka varieties, divergent as they seem
in surface, are on the way of becoming a
common accent.
Given that my study would be focused on
vowel qualities, I would like to briefly
introduce some related backgrounds.