Hakka, language and culture

Transcript Hakka, language and culture

Ch11.

Hakka, language and culture

National Taiwan University 【本著作除另有註明外，採取創用CC「姓名標示－非商業性－相同方式分享」台灣3.0版授權釋出】 The “Work” under the Creative Commons Taiwan 3.0 License of “BY-NC-SA”.

Overview

   Part 1 Background Knowledge  Hakka in Taiwan  Origins, some historical and geographical facts Part 2 Linguistic Notes  Phonology   Morphology Syntax Part 3 Cultural Phenomenon    Music Customs and architecture Food 2

Before the talk…

 What does Hakka mean?

 The name of the Hakka people who are the predominant original native speakers of the language literally means "guest families" or "guest people"    Hak means guests Ka means home/house It explains the origin of Hakka.

 PART I. Background Knowledge 4

Origins…

 Three accepted theories:  Hakka people are Han Chinese originating solely from the Central Plain in China containing today's Shanxi and Henan province.

  Hakka people are Han Chinese from the Central Plain with some inflow of those already in the south.

The majority of Hakka people are Han Chinese from the south with portions coming from those in the north 5

Early History

   It is known that the earliest major waves of Hakka migration started due to the attacks of just these tribes during the Jin Dynasty. The ancestors of the Hakka migrated southwards several times because of social unrest, upheaval and invasions since the Qin Dynasty. Hakka have suffered persecution and discrimination ever since they started migrating to southern parts of China. 6

Hakka in Taiwan

  Population Distribution   Hokkien occupies 73% Hakkanese comprise 12% (Huang, 1993) Seven Different Dialects.

Huang, Heng-Ciu. (1993). Hakkanese Taiwan Literature Thesis.

       Sixian Hailu Dabu Zhaoan Yongding Raoping Fengshun 7

Adapted by NTU 王維新 Original work: Wiki NordNordWest 8

行政院客家委員會 Council for Hakka Affairs, Executive Yuan, Republic of China (Taiwan) 9

行政院客家委員會 Council for Hakka Affairs, Executive Yuan, Republic of China (Taiwan) 10

 PART II. Linguistic Notes 11

Prelude

 Why is important to research Hakka?

 Hakka is quite conservative, and is generally closer to Middle Chinese than other modern Chinese languages.

 The presence of many archaic features occur in modern Hakka,

including final consonants -p -t -k

, as are found in other modern southern Chinese languages, but which have been lost in Mandarin. 12

Phonology…

 Basic syllabic structure   Onset + Rhyme + Tone （ consonant ）（ vowel ）（ tone ） 13

鍾榮富 (2002) ，台灣各客家方言的語音差異。 14

 Different combinations 鍾榮富 (2002) ，台灣各客家方言的語音差異。 15

 Consonants  Shared among all dialects: 18 鍾榮富 (2002) ，台灣各客家方言的語音差異。 16

Vowels

 The main reason causes the intangibility between different Hakka dialects.

鍾榮富 (2002) ，台灣各客家方言的語音差異。 17

 Tone 鍾榮富 (2002) ，台灣各客家方言的語音差異。 18

鍾榮富 (2002) 音差異。，台灣各客家方言的語 19

 Tone sandhi  13  22/__T (any tone)     老人 55  32/__T (any tone)  鴨毛  等車手掌台北市 20

Morphology

 1. Numerous names of places where we raise different kinds of animals  People    Chicken, duck Pig, cow, dog, ants Horse 21

 2. Semantic magnification and contraction  Ex. WATER  liquid and the rain EAT  Any verbs involving mouth 22

 Abundant nouns/descriptions of mountains and hills.

 Protrudent terrain  Gun, Lian, Lun, Lung, Chi, Pai, …   Flat terrain  Young, Pu, Pin Hollow terrain  Hu, Kun, Li, Wo, Kun, Ku, … 23

 The First Person Plural  Exclusive  Ai Diou  Inclusive  Li Diou 邱湘雲 (2006) ，海陸客家話和閩南語構詞對比研究。 24

 Different gender affixes … 邱湘雲 (2006) ，海陸客家話和閩南語構詞對比研究。 25

Syntax --The usage of You (have)

  1. You + Verb  past/ perfect  有食無？  Did you eat?

  有買 le  他有來過 I bought it  He has even been here.

2. You + Adjective   有甜無？  Is it … ?

Is it sweet enough?

  有燒無？  這細妹有靚 Is it too hot?

 This girl is pretty.

 3. You + Modal Adverb + V + Mo(No)  Can S V …  這有好買無？  Can we buy this?

   有車賣無？車有賣嗎？   去新竹有遠無？ Is there any car to sell?

Do you have car to sell?

 Is it far to Hsinchu?

 有學過無？  Have you ever studied … ?

鍾榮富 (2004) ，《台灣客家話語音導讀》。 28

 Part III. Cultural Phenomenon 29

Classic Music

 1. The Hakka Eight Tones   It refers to the eight materials used to make instruments, namely metal, stone, string, bamboo, fruit shell, earthenware, animal hide and wood. There are the big and the small ceremonial music.

 The orchestrated music is also divided into two categories. The first is concerted music played mostly with string and bamboo instruments at ceremonies. 31

 2. Mountain Songs  Mountain songs could have been hooraying or sighing in monotone.

  Later, melodies were developed for entertainment while people were doing labor work like picking tea, carrying loads or tilling. They may also have been rhythms for people working in the hills to greet or cheer up each other.

Architecture and Customs

 1. Architecture  Weilong House Wiki Gisling Wiki 文子言木 33

    A central axis with a north-south meridian line, rooms symmetrical east to west, at least one upper and one lower hall; the front part of the houses are lower in comparison to the back parts. In front of the house, there is usually a large field and semicircular pond. The field is used to dry grain, the pond is used to store water, farm fish, prevent fire, fight drought etc. The East-West wing is called the horizontal house (Hengwu). At the end of horizontal house, there is a circle house which encloses the central house, the mid-house is called Dragon hall. 34

Wiki Irrons 傅豪 35

 Cigar House Flickr yifany 大阪式建築 By 鳳林 @ ( 櫓花蓮 ) from 【鳳林菸樓暖心房】 36

 Tulou  A tulou is usually a large, enclosed and fortified earth building, rectangular or circular in configuration, with very thick load-bearing rammed earth walls between three and five storeys high and housing up to 80 families.  Smaller interior buildings are often enclosed by these huge peripheral walls which can contain halls, storehouses, wells and living areas, the whole structure resembling a small fortified city. 37

Wiki Gisling 38

 2. Customs  Emphasize the importance of Education in particular Flickr 棟樑 ‧ Harry ‧ 黃基峰 ‧ Taiwan 39

  Tomb-sweeping Aka “ Hanging paper ” Flickr Taekwonweirdo 40

 行政院客家委員會 Council for Hakka Affairs, Executive Yuan, Republic of China (Taiwan) 3. Ripped Sky Festival  The compassionate goddess Nuwa tempered a five-colored stone to repair the walls of heaven and ended the misery caused by two Other deities.

 Wiki user: Stout256 Ripped Sky Festival falls on the twentieth of the first month in the lunar calendar.  On this day, Hakka villages would prepare a traditional Hakka delicacy — the sweet rice cake or fried rice cake — as a symbolic offering of assistance to Nuwa to repair the walls of heaven. 41

Food

 1. Characteristics  Obtaining ingredients locally   The cooking is simple: to save cooking time and expense, Hakka extra changes. ’ s ingredients and cooking methods are quite simple with no Aromatic, oily, salty and cooked with year old ingredients: this is Hakka food ’ s representative feature. 42

 1. Hakka Rice  Rice is Hakka people ’ s stable food. They eat rice three meals a day.   In addition to plain rice, they use rice to make all kinds of snacks. They include sweet, salty oil rice, rice noodles, Mi Tai Mu, and Mian Pa Ban. There are rice snacks that are available only on Chinese New Year, festivals, weddings, and funerals such as Hon Ban, Gui Ban, and Yu Ban. 43

 There are also Bo Ban made of baking powder, Mi Ci Ba made of glutinous rice, and Jiu Ceng Gao made of two different kinds of powder of different qualities.  All these fully exemplify Hakka women such diverse Ban products.

’ s ingenious cooking skills that have created 44

 2. Hakka pickles    Pickled vegetables have always been a Hakka specialty. They are food items that can be preserved for a long time. Various dishes have been invented using pickled vegetables. An example is planting radish between harvests of rice. In addition to eating it fresh, it can be cut into chunks (Luo Bo Gan), shredded (Luo Bo Si), or sliced (Luo Bo Qian). They become three different kinds of foodstuff that look different while all are made of radish. 45

 Leaf mustard is the kind of vegetable Hakka people grow between rice harvests. With their skillful pickle technique, Hakka people turn leaf mustard into several famous Hakka specialties. Depending on the degree of dryness, there are Suan Cai, Fu Cai, and Mei Gan Cai.

 Add salt to leaf mustard and dry. Put it in a jar and let it ferment. This is Suan Cai. Put it under the sun for several days. This is Fu Cai. Fu Cai becomes Mei Gan Cai after it dehydrates completely.

Flickr JyChen Flickr Quin t_t Flickr lumei 47

Flickr Richard, enjoy my life!

Blog 《新屋庄的客家人》 48

Flickr Ernesto JT 49 Flickr 頎

Flickr mana_wu Flickr adar.que

高雄市政府客家事務委員會 Hakka Affairs Commission, Kaohsiung City Government 行政院農業委員會 Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Republic of China (Taiwan) 51

Flickr Ray Yu Flicrk =SK= N.Hayden 順峰 52

 Thank you!