Transcript Taxonomy/Classification PPT

The Tree of Life:
What is the Point?
Big Question
Why Do
We
Classify
Organisms?
Classification
A process of grouping
by similarities
Every Day Classification
Organization
at
your desk.
The Science of Classification
Scientist who classify or
organize organisms
(animals and plants)
are called taxonomists.
Taxonomists study
taxonomy.
Taxonomy
• Branch of
biology that
groups and
names
organisms
Microcebus lehilahytsara
Why is Taxonomy Important?
Unknown species
discovered.
New Discoveries
Questions
New fossil
Uncovered.
How
can you answer these questions?
What is Classification?
Classification arranges
objects, ideas,
or information
into groups by finding
common
traits or characters.
The History of Organization
Aristotle 384-322 BC
Interested in biological classification.
Patterns in nature.
Carl Linnaeus
1707-1778 ACE
Father of
Biological
Classification!
• 2 Categories
–Plants and Animals
• Animals – classified on
where they lived
– Land, water or air
• Plants – classified on
the basis of structure
and size
– Tree, shrub, herb
• Grouped organisms
by similar structure
• Created two-part
naming system
• Grouped similar
species into same
genus
Why Scientists Name Animals
Varecia variegata
• 2 word latin name (by Linneus)
• Uses genus and species
name (or descriptive name)
• Italics is used and Genus is
capitalized
–Quercus alba = white oak
Genus
Common
Name
_______________________________________
Canis
familaralis
Dog
Canis
lupus
Wolf
Felis
Felis
Species
domesticus
concolor
House Cat
Mountain
lion
How Classification Works
Groups are arranged in
hierarchical order.
Classification Puzzle
• Brings order to the great
diversity of life forms
• Serves as a basis for
identifying unfamiliar
organisms
• Provides a logical means of
naming organisms
•
A series of paired statements used to
identify organisms
1a.
b.
2a.
b.
3a.
b.
Has fur, go to…………………………2
Does not have fur……………………3
Has straight fur………………………4
Has curly fur………………………….5
Rough skin……………………………6
Smooth skin…………………………..7
Classification of life forms
3 Domains of Life
Bacteria
Archaea
Consist of
PROKARYOTES
Kingdoms:
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Eukarya
Consist of
Eukaryotes
Kingdoms:
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protista
Domains of Life
7 Classification Groups under
Linnaeus:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Kingdom (most inclusive)
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species (most specific)
we added Domain later–so Dear King
Phillip Came Over....
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
King
Phillip
Came
Over
From
Germany
Singing
ORGANIZATION
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
DOMAIN
KINGDOM
PHYLUM
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
Largest
Smallest
Which is the most difficult to
assign?
Species:
• Most specific
• Successful
interbreeding
• Fertile
offspring
Donkey + Horse=
Mule (infertile)
Cladogram
• A diagram showing branching
from a common ancestor
• Traits separate each
organisms – derived traits
• Assumption – groups of
organisms that diverge from
common ancestor retain
unique inherited
characteristics
Organisms Classified Today
Using:
•
•
•
•
Structure
Biochemistry
Embryology
Breeding
Behavior
• Geographic
Distribution
•
•
•
•
Homologous parts
DNA and proteins
Embryos
Courtship patterns
• Location (with
reference to barriers)
6 Major Kingdoms:
1. Eubacteria • 1 cell, prokaryotes
2. Archaebacteria
3.
4.
5.
6.
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
• 1/multicell, eukaryotes
• 1/Multicelled, decomposers
• Muticelled, autotrophs
• Muticelled heterotrophs
KINGDOM MONERA
• SEPARATED INTO TWO KINGDOMS
– ARCHAEBACTERIA
– EUBACTERIA
TRUE BACTERIA
ANCIENT BACTERIA
ARCHAEBACTERIA
• PROKARYOTIC
• UNICELLULAR
• HETEROTROPH / AUTOTROPHS
– CHEMOSYNTHETIC – CHEMICALS TO
MAKE NRG
• LIVES IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS
– SWAMPS, HYDROTHERMAL VENTS
• MORE COMPLEX THAN EUBACTERIA
• CELL WALL
• SEVERAL HUNDRED SPECIES
ARCHAEBACTERIA
VENT BACTERIA
SALT-LOVING BACTERIA
EUBACTERIA
•
•
•
•
•
•
“TRUE BACTERIA”
PROKARYOTIC
UNICELLULAR
HETEROTROPH
STRONG CELL WALLS
SOME CAUSE DISEASE, BUT MOST
HARMLESS; SOME HELP US
EUBACTERIA
PROTISTA
• EUKARYOTES
– NUCLEUS, MEMBRANE BOUND
ORGANELLES
•
•
•
•
•
UNICELLULAR, SOME MULTICELLULAR
HETEROTROPHS & AUTOTROPHS
MOST VARIED GROUP
LACK ORGAN SYSTEMS
MOIST ENVIRONMENTS
PROTISTA
• EUKARYOTIC
• SOME UNICELLULAR, MOST
MULTICELLULAR
• HETEROTROPHS
– DECOMPOSERS (SAPROPHYTES)
– Some parasitic
• ABSORB FOOD THROGH CELL WALLS
• 100,000 DIFFERENT SPECIES
•
•
•
•
•
EUKARYOTIC
MULTICELLULAR
AUTOTROPHS
DO NOT MOVE
CELLS ORGANIZED INTO TISSUES,
ORGANS AND SYSTEMS
• CELL WALLS – CELLULOSE
• 500,000+ SPECIES
•
•
•
•
•
•
EUKARYOTES
MULTICELLULAR
HETEROTROPHS
NEARLY ALL MOVE
NO CELL WALLS (MEMBRANE ONLY)
CELLS ORGANIZED INTO TISSUES,
ORGANS, SYSTEMS
Feline Family Members:
Genus: Panthera (Lions
&Tigers)
Classification by characteristics:
• Fossil
Skulls Most Useful
• DNA
Sequences
Least
• Hair
Samples
• Pictures