Transcript CHAPTER 17: ORGANIZING LIFE’S DIVERSITY

CHAPTER 17: ORGANIZING LIFE’S
DIVERSITY
BIOLOGY
NOTEBOOK #45
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17.1 HISTORY OF CLASSIFICATION
• Classification: grouping of objects/organisms
based on set of criteria…shape, color, food, ect.
• Aristotle’s system: classified organisms as
plants (herbs, shrub, or tree) or animals
(bloodless or red-blooded)
• Linnaeus’s system: used taxonomy – discipline
concerned with identifying, naming, and
classifying species based on natural
relationships
– Birds: bird of prey, wading, or perching
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• Binomial Nomenclature: gives each species a
scientific name that has two parts
• FIRST - GENUS NAME
• SECOND - SPECIES NAME
• Latin is the language used for binomial
nomenclature since it is an unchanging
language
• Only the first letter of the genus name is
capitalized…it should be italicized or
underlined
• Homo sapiens - human
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TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES
• Taxon: (TAXA)named group of organisms…
range from broad to specific characteristics
per category….The more characteristics in a
taxa the more species in the group
• Genus: group of species that are closely
related and share common ancestor
• LOOK AT PICTURES PG 487
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• Family: consists of similar, related genus
groups
• Ursidae: all bears, living and non-living,
belong in this family
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HIGHER TAXA
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Order: contains related families
Class: contains related orders
Phylum: contains related classes
Kingdom: contains related phyla
Domain: broadest of all the taxa and contains
one or more kingdoms
• SEE CHART PG 488
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SPECIES CONCEPTS
• Typological species concept: each species is
distinctly different groups based on physical
likeness…based on idea that species are
unchanging, distinct and natural types
• Type species was individual that best
displayed the characteristics of the species…
any varied individuals were considered new
species
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• Biological species concept: redefined the
term ‘species’ to a group of organisms that is
able to interbreed and produce fertile
offspring
– LIMITATIONS: wolves and dogs – different species
that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
• Phylogenetic species concept: considers the
evolutionary history of a species.. Defines a
species as a cluster of organisms that is
distinct from other clusters and shows
ancestry and descent.
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CHARACTERS
• Morphological: BIRDS AND DINOSAURS –
large hollow spaces… hip, leg, wrist and
shoulder structures that are similar…some
dinosaurs even had feathers
• Biochemical: amino acids and nucleotides to
determine evolutionary relationships…# of
chromosomes is also a huge clue…ALL
PRIMATES (chimps, apes, humans…very close
DNA relationship)
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CLADOGRAMS
• 2 species identified…another species that is
ancestral to the first to is identified (outgroup)
• Outgroup has more ancestral characteristics
than other species
• CLADOGRAM IS THEN CONSTRUCTED BY
SEQUENCING THE ORDER IN WHICH DERIVED
CHARACTERS EVOLVED WITH RESPECT TO THE
OUTGROUP SPECIES.
• PG 496 AND 497
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17.3 DOMAINS AND KINGDOMS
• Domain Bacteria: contains prokaryotes..
Eubacteria..diverse group that can survive
many environments (aerobic and anaerobic)
• Domain Archaea: contain most ancient of
bacteria, but are more closely related to
eukaryotes…extremophiles: can live in
extreme environments…boiling, freezing, salty
• Domain Eukarya: contains all organisms that
are multicellular with membrane bound
organelles and nuclei
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KINGDOMS
• Eubacteria: found in domain bacteria… prokaryotes
• Archaea: most are heterotrophic and can live in
very extreme conditions… with/without air, boiling
hot, below freezing, extreme salt
• Protista: eukaryotes…no organs… do not fit any
other kingdom…3 MAIN GROUPS
– Plantlike: algae..autotrophs
– Animal-like: protozoans...amoebas..heterotrphs
– Fungus-like: Euglenoids..slime molds/mildews.. both
plant and animal characteristics
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MORE KINGDOMS
• Fungi: fungus…mushrooms…heterotrophs..can’t
move
• Plantae: more than 250,000 species…most are
autotrophic (photosynthesis)…some heterotrophs
• Animalia: more than 1 million species…all
heterotrophic…most can move on their own
• Viruses: non-cellular organism…not considered to
be living..not found in biological classification
system
• USE CHART ON PG 502 TO HELP STUDY !!!
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