Transcript Classification and Kingdoms - Panhandle Area Educational
Biology Partnership (A Teacher Quality Grant)
Classification & Kingdoms
December 7, 2013 Nancy Dow Jill Hansen Tammy Stundon Gulf Coast State College 5230 West Highway 98 Panama City, Florida 32401 850-769-1551 www.gulfcoast.edu
Panhandle Area Educational Consortium 753 West Boulevard Chipley, Florida 32428 877-873-7232
Pre-test Q and A board
What is a dichotomous key? How is all life grouped? How do you represent the diversity of animals?
Florida Next Generation Sunshine State Standards
• SC.912.L.15.6* Discuss distinguishing characteristics of the domains and kingdoms of living organisms. (MODERATE) • SC.912.L.15.4* Describe how and why organisms are hierarchically classified and based on evolutionary relationships. (HIGH) • SC.912.L.15.5 Explain the reasons for changes in how organisms are classified. (HIGH)
(Also assessed SC.912.N.1.3, and SC.912.N.1.6.)
Item Specs
Benchmark Clarifications
– Students will classify organisms based on the distinguishing characteristics of the domains and/or kingdoms of living organisms.
– Students will identify and/or describe how and/or why organisms are hierarchically classified based on evolutionary relationships.
– Students will identify and/or explain the reasons for changes in how organisms are classified.
– Students will identify ways in which a scientific claim is evaluated (e.g., through scientific argumentation, critical and logical thinking, and consideration of alternative explanations).
– Students will identify examples of scientific inferences are made from observations.
Content Limits
– Items referring to distinguishing characteristics of living organisms are limited to the domains of Archea, Bacteria, and Eukarya and the kingdoms of Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
– Items will not require specific knowledge of organisms classified in any domain or kingdom; items should describe the characteristics of an organism and assess its classification.
– Items may refer to prokaryotic, eukaryotic, unicellular and/or multicellular organisms, autotrophs, and/or heterotrophs, but they will not assess the definition of those terms.
– Items referring to changes in classification systems should be conceptual and will not require specific knowledge of those changes.
– Items may address evolutionary classification, phylogeny, and the use of cladograms, but they may not assess the definition of those terms.
– Items assessing a scientific claim are limited to the classification of organisms.
Stimulus Attribute
Scenarios addressing scientific inferences are limited to classification.
Response Attributes
Responses in item referring to scientific claims and scientific inferences should be specific to the context of the item instead of generic statements.
From 5 Kingdoms to 6
► One Kingdom was split into 2 – which one? Kingdom Monera – which contained ALL bacteria Why? – We’ll learn why today a little later
6 Kingdom Foldable
• Match up the ends of your paper as if you doing a hamburger fold…DO NOT FOLD YOUR PAPER!
• Use your pencil to make a light mark on the inside of your paper.
• Shutter fold… fold you paper in on both side and let them meet in the middle of your paper • Fold each side • Using a ruler (share) you will make a tiny mark every 7 ½ cm
• Draw lines across your shutters where you made your marks at every 7 ½ cm.
• On the inside draw a line down the middle of your paper. This will give you an idea on the space you will have for your information.
• You will then cut the lines on the shutters, but be sure not to cut the back side of your foldable( this will give you three tabs on each side of your foldable).
Kingdom Foldable Topics to include:
• Domain • Reproduction • Single/multi celled • Membrane/wall • Obtain/use energy • Examples
Simpler version
• Use what works for you
On each tab, at the top, you will write each kingdom on the tabs shown
ARCHAEBACTERIA EUBACTERIA PROTISTA FUNGI PLANTAE ANIMALIA
Old Way of Thinking
1. Size 2. Shape of DNA 3. Presence of organelles 4. Means of reproduction 5. Kingdoms
PROKARYOTE
1. Smaller (µm) 2. Circular DNA 3. Little to no ‘true’ organelles
EUKARYOTE
3. ribosomes 1. larger (nm) 2. linear DNA 3. membrane bound nucleus 4. Binary Fission 5. K: Monera plasma membrane 4. BF & sexual 5. K: Protists K: Fungi K: Plant K: Animal Students need to include topics!
New View
• 90’s Carol Woese established a significant difference within bacteria to warrant 2 separate kingdoms Eubacteria: peptidoglycan present in cells walls Archaobacteria: no peptidoglycan www.comicvine.com
Eubacteria & Archaebacteria (Monera)
The two Prokaryote Kingdoms
Bacteria have a biomass greater than that of all the plants and animals on earth. They thrive in a variety of habitats including arctic ice, volcanic vents, and the human intestine.
• • • • • • • Both: 1st living forms on Earth Lack a nucleus Reproduce by binary fission Singled-celled Autotrophic (photo and chemosynthesis) and heterotrophic Lack nuclei, mitochondria and other membrane –bound organelles live in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats Eubacteria – bacteria in less extreme environments;
Streptococcus
Archaebacteria - live in extreme environments; boiling water, no oxygen, acid, hydrothermal vents;
Cyanobacteria
such as Stomatolites
Ameba
The Eukaryotes
Protista
Paramecium
• Protista means 1 st ; first with a nucleus (Eukaryotic) • Singled-celled • Autotrophic (photosynthetic) /heterotrophic
Fungus
•Binary fission (asexual) •Sexual but only under stress • Multicellular • Nucleus (Eukaryotic) • Cell wall made of Chitin • Heterotrophic; excrete digestive enzymes than filaments absorb the nutrients • Asexual and Sexual Reproduction (spores) Filaments magnified
The Eukaryotes….
Plants
• Multicelluar • Nucleus • Autotrophic (photosynthetic) – Chlorophyll • Cell wall with cellulose • Sexual reproduction with little asexual
Animals
• Multicellular • Nucleus • Heterotrophic • Trend to only sexual reproduction Platypus
Kingdom Manipulative
• Use manipulative to give students practice with kingdoms
Ours:
K
eep
P
anama
C
ity
O
n
F
lorida’s
G
ood
S
ide
THE ORGANIZATION OF LIFE DOMAIN
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
KINGDOM
Protists Plants Fungi Animals
PHYLUM
Chordata
CLASS
Mammalia
ORDER
Artiodactyla
FAMILY
Giraffidae
GENUS
Giraffa
SPECIES
Giraffa camelopardalis
Clip Come up with a mnemonic device to remember the sequence! Report back to us… The official scientific name is a combination of the Genus and Species terms.
Biological Classification 1.Assign a universally accepted name to each organism (Latin) 2. Place organism into groups that have biological meaning • Based on similarities in structures mainly • Many scientist are pushing for a complete DNA grouping; more detailed/precise but a “closest gets more messy before it gets organized affect.”
8 th century – Carolus Linnaeus naming system developed a System called binominal nomenclature; printing of the scientific name is the Genus & species. Presentation is important!
• Underline or italicized • Only the genus is capitalized. Ex:
Acer rubrum These characteristics can be placed into a dichotomous key, a key to help others to identify a species Canis lupus familiaris Genus species subspecies
Dichotomous Key
2 formats: 1. Tree 2. Sentences Example - Of the class
Go out and find 5 tree leaves!
The Dichotomous Key to Holiday Giving and Community Service!
Dichotomous Key to the Family Faveo
1 a. Can be used as a source of nutrition ------------- Go to 2 b. Cannot be used as a source of nutrition --------- Go to 7 2 a. Made from the seeds of the cocoa tree --------- Go to 3 b. Not made from the seeds of the cocoa tree --------Go to 6 3a. A colonial candy ------------------
Chocolatus nomelticus
b. A unicellular candy ----------------------------------- Go to 4
Potato Chip Taxonomy
Important to review the details of testing the key; easy for some to become confused. - Colored pages may help
THE EVOLUTIONARY TREE OF LIFE EUKARYA BACTERIA ARCHAEA Protists Plants Fungi Animals
Each tip branches out further to represent all species on earth today.
Common ancestor of all life on earth
An evolutionary tree with a branch for each of the millions of species on earth would be incredibly complex.
Animals
HOW TO READ AN EVOLUTIONARY TREE
Fish Bird Human Rat Mouse Common ancestor of mice, rats, humans, birds, and fish Common ancestor of mice and rats Common ancestor of mice, rats, and humans Common ancestor of mice, rats, humans, and birds At this point, a
speciation event
occurred and the ancestral species split into two species. This shows which groups are closely related, which ones are more primitive or advanced.
not
Which is more closely related?
Various types of evolutionary trees
No matter the style of tree, all represent possible evolutionary pathways of certain organisms and relationships.
Other Dichotomous Resources
http://webworldwonders.firn.edu/cameras/keys/sa/tree.html
Ferguson Foundation- interactive lessons
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Q & A
Follow up
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