Transcript 미시경제6장[1]

CHAPTER
6
Production
Prepared by:
Fernando & Yvonn Quijano
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CHAPTER 6 OUTLINE
6.1 생산기술
6.2 변동요소가 하나(노동)일 때의 생산
Chapter 6: Production
6.3 변동요소가 2개일 때의 생산
6.4 규모에 대한 수확
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생산
기업이론은 기업이 어떻게 비용을 최소화하는 생산량을
결정하며 또한 생산비용은 생산량의 변화에 따라 어떻게
변하는가를 설명한다.
기업의 생산결정
Chapter 6: Production
기업의 생산결정은 소비자의 구매결정과 유사하다. 그리고
다음과 같은 3단계로 이해될 수 있다.
1.
생산기술
2.
비용제약
3.
생산요소의 선택
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생산기술
6.1
● 생산요소 : 생산과정의 투입요소( (즉, 노동,자본,원료
등).
생산함수
q  F (K , L)
(6.1)
●production function 생산요소들의 특정한 배합들에
의해 생산될 수 있는 생산물의 최대생산량을 나타내는
함수.
Chapter 6: Production
중요 사항:
생산요소와 생산량은 유량( flows)이다.
식 (6.1) 은 주어진 기술하에서의 관계를 나타낸다..
생산함수는 기업이 효율적으로 운영될 때 기술적으로
가능한 최대 생산량을 나타낸다.
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6.1
생산기술
단기 와 장기
●단기: 하나 이상의 생산요소의 량이 변할 수 없는 기간
●고정요소
변할 수 없는 생산요소.
Chapter 6: Production
●장기: 모든 생산투입변수가 변하는데 필요한 기간.
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6.2
변동생산요소가 하나일 때의 생산
TABLE 6.1 Production with One Variable Input
Chapter 6: Production
Amount
of Labor (L)
Average
Product (q/L)
Marginal
Product (∆q/∆L)
—
Amount
of Capital (K)
Total
Output (q)
0
10
0
—
1
10
10
10
10
2
10
30
15
20
3
10
60
20
30
4
10
80
20
20
5
10
95
19
15
6
10
108
18
13
7
10
112
16
4
8
10
112
14
0
9
10
108
12
4
10
10
100
10
8
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6.2
변동생산요소가 하나일 때의 생산(LABOR)
평균 및 한계생산물
●평균생산물 :특정 투입요소의 단위당 산출량.
●한계생산물 : 투입요소가 한 단위 증가하는데 따른 산출량의 증가량
노동의 평균생산물 = 산출량/노동투입량 = q/L
Chapter 6: Production
노동의 한계생산량 = 산출량의 변화/노동투입량의 변화
= Δq/ΔL
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6.2
변동생산요소가 하나일 때의 생산
총생산곡선의 기울기
Figure 6.1
Production with One Variable Input
The total product curve in (a) shows
the output produced for different
amounts of labor input.
Chapter 6: Production
The average and marginal products
in (b) can be obtained (using the
data in Table 6.1) from the total
product curve.
At point A in (a), the marginal
product is 20 because the tangent
to the total product curve has a
slope of 20.
At point B in (a) the average product
of labor is 20, which is the slope of
the line from the origin to B.
The average product of labor at
point C in (a) is given by the slope
of the line 0C.
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6.2
변동생산요소가 하나일 때의 생산
총생산곡선의 기울기
Figure 6.1
Production with One Variable Input
(continued)
Chapter 6: Production
To the left of point E in (b), the
marginal product is above the
average product and the average is
increasing; to the right of E, the
marginal product is below the
average product and the average is
decreasing.
As a result, E represents the point
at which the average and marginal
products are equal, when the
average product reaches its
maximum.
At D, when total output is
maximized, the slope of the tangent
to the total product curve is 0, as is
the marginal product.
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6.2
변동생산요소가 하나일 때의 생산
한계수확 체감의 법칙
● 한계생산물 체감의 법칙 : 다른 생산요소들이 고정된 상태에서
한 생산요소의 투입량을 일정한 크기로 증가시킬 때 추가적으로
나타나는 생산량이 궁극적으로는 감소한다는 법칙.
Figure 6.2
Chapter 6: Production
The Effect of Technological
Improvement
Labor productivity (output
per unit of labor) can
increase if there are
improvements in technology,
even though any given
production process exhibits
diminishing returns to labor.
As we move from point A on
curve O1 to B on curve O2 to
C on curve O3 over time,
labor productivity increases.
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6.2
변동생산요소가 하나일 때의 생산
The law of diminishing marginal returns was central to the thinking
of political economist Thomas Malthus (1766–1834).
Chapter 6: Production
Malthus believed that the world’s limited amount of land would not be able
to supply enough food as the population grew. He predicted that as both
the marginal and average productivity of labor fell and there were more
mouths to feed, mass hunger and starvation would result.
Fortunately,
Malthus was wrong
(although he was right
about the diminishing
marginal returns to
labor).
TABLE 6.2 Index of World Food Production per Capita
Year
Index
1948-1952
100
1960
115
1970
123
1980
128
1990
138
2000
150
2005
156
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6.2
세계 곡물생산량과 식량가격
Figure 6.3
Chapter 6: Production
Cereal Yields and the World
Price of Food
Cereal yields have increased. The average world price of food increased
temporarily in the early 1970s but has declined since.
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6.2
변동생산요소가 하나일 때의 생산
노동생산성
●노동생산성: 전체 산업 혹은 전체 경제의 평균 생산물.
생산성과 생활수준
Chapter 6: Production
● 자본량 : 생산에 사용할 수 있는 총자본량
●기술변화: 생산요소들이 좀더 효율적으로 사용될 수 있게
해주는 기술의 발전.
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6.2
선진국의 노동생산성
TABLE 6.3 Labor Productivity in Developed Countries
UNITED
STATES
JAPAN
FRANCE
GERMANY
UNITED
KINGDOM
Real Output per Employed Person (2006)
$82,158
Chapter 6: Production
Years
$57,721
$72,949
$60,692
$65,224
Annual Rate of Growth of Labor Productivity (%)
1960-1973
2.29
7.86
4.70
3.98
2.84
1974-1982
0.22
2.29
1.73
2.28
1.53
1983-1991
1.54
2.64
1.50
2.07
1.57
1992-2000
1.94
1.08
1.40
1.64
2.22
2001-2006
1.78
1.73
1.02
1.10
1.47
The level of output per employed person in the United States in 2006 was higher than in
other industrial countries. But, until the 1990s, productivity in the United States grew on
average less rapidly than productivity in most other developed nations. Also, productivity
growth during 1974–2006 was much lower in all developed countries than it had been in
the past.
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6.3
변동생산요소가 둘일 때의 생산
등량곡선
TABLE 6.4 Production with Two Variable Inputs
Chapter 6: Production
LABOR INPUT
Capital Input
1
2
3
4
5
1
20
40
55
65
75
2
40
60
75
85
90
3
55
75
90
100
105
4
65
85
100
110
115
5
75
90
105
115
120
●
isoquant Curve
showing all possible
combinations of inputs that
yield the same output.
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6.3
변동생산요소가 둘일 때의 생산
등량곡선
● 등량곡선지도: 생산함수를 나타내기 위해서
한 그래프에 그려진 여러 등량곡선들.
Figure 6.4
Production with Two Variable Inputs
A set of isoquants, or isoquant
map, describes the firm’s
production function.
Chapter 6: Production
Output increases as we move
from isoquant q1 (at which 55
units per year are produced at
points such as A and D),
to isoquant q2 (75 units per year at
points such as B) and
to isoquant q3 (90 units per year at
points such as C and E).
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6.3
변동생산요소가 둘일 때의 생산
한계생산물 체감
Chapter 6: Production
Holding the amount of capital
fixed at a particular level—say
3, we can see that each
additional unit of labor
generates less and less
additional output.
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6.3
변동생산요소가 둘일 때의 생산
투입요소 간의 대체
●
한계기술대체율 (MRTS) : 생산량을 변화시키지
않으면서 한 생산요소를 추가적으로 1단위 더 사용할 때 줄일 수
있는 다른 생산요소의 사용량.
Figure 6.5
Chapter 6: Production
Marginal Rate of Technical
Substitution
MRTS = − Change in capital input/change in labor input
= − ΔK/ΔL (for a fixed level of q)
Like indifference curves,
isoquants are downward sloping
and convex. The slope of the
isoquant at any point measures
the marginal rate of technical
substitution—the ability of the
firm to replace capital with labor
while maintaining the same level
of output.
On isoquant q2, the MRTS falls
from 2 to 1 to 2/3 to 1/3.
(MP ) / (MP )  (K / L)  MRTS (6.2)
L
K
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6.3
변동생산요소가 둘일 때의 생산
생산함수: 특별한 두 경우
Figure 6.6
Chapter 6: Production
두 투입요소가 완전 대체재인
경우
When the isoquants are
straight lines, the MRTS is
constant. Thus the rate at
which capital and labor can
be substituted for each
other is the same no matter
what level of inputs is being
used.
Points A, B, and C
represent three different
capital-labor combinations
that generate the same
output q3.
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6.3
변동생산요소가 둘일 때의 생산
Production Functions—Two Special Cases
●고정비율생산함수: L-모양의 등량곡선을 갖는 생산함수로서
생산을 위해 노동과 자본의 한 가지 배합만이 가능한 생산함수.
The fixed-proportions production function describes
situations in which methods of production are limited.
Figure 6.7
Chapter 6: Production
Fixed-Proportions
Production Function
When the isoquants are Lshaped, only one
combination of labor and
capital can be used to
produce a given output (as at
point A on isoquant q1, point
B on isoquant q2, and point C
on isoquant q3). Adding more
labor alone does not increase
output, nor does adding more
capital alone.
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6.3
변동생산요소가 둘일 때의 생산
Figure 6.8
Isoquant Describing the
Production of Wheat
A wheat output of 13,800
bushels per year can be
produced with different
combinations of labor and
capital.
Chapter 6: Production
The more capital-intensive
production process is
shown as point A,
the more labor- intensive
process as point B.
The marginal rate of
technical substitution
between A and B is
10/260 = 0.04.
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6.4
규모에 대한 수확
●규모에 대한 수확 : 모든 생산요소의 투입량이 똑 같은
비율로 증가할 때 생산량이 증가하는 비율.
●규모에 대한 수확 증가: 모든 생산요소의 투입량이
2배가 되었을 때 생산량이 2배 이상이 되는 경우.
●규모에 대한 수확 불변: 모든 생산요소의 투입량이
Chapter 6: Production
2배가 되었을 때 생산량도 2배가 되는 경우.
● 규모에 대한 수확 감소: 모든 생산요소의 투입량이
2배가 되었을 때 생산량은 2배 이하가 되는 경우
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6.4
규모에 대한 수확
Describing Returns to Scale
Figure 6.9
Chapter 6: Production
Returns to Scale
When a firm’s production process exhibits
constant returns to scale as shown by a
movement along line 0A in part (a), the
isoquants are equally spaced as output
increases proportionally.
However, when there are increasing
returns to scale as shown in (b), the
isoquants move closer together as
inputs are increased along the line.
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6.4
규모에 대한 수확
Over time, the major carpet manufacturers
have increased the scale of their operations
by putting larger and more efficient tufting
machines into larger plants. At the same
time, the use of labor in these plants has
also increased significantly. 그 결과 투입요소의 비례적 증가는
공장이 커짐에 따라 산출량이 비례적 증가 이상으로 증가함
Chapter 6: Production
TABLE 6.5 The U.S. Carpet Industry
Carpet Sales, 2005 (Millions of Dollars per Year)
1.
Shaw
4346
2.
Mohawk
3779
3.
Beaulieu
1115
4.
Interface
421
5.
Royalty
298
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