Transcript Document 7323918

reform movements
1860 - 1920
handcraft
morality in design
honesty of materials
material culture of display
reform movements
• Late Victorian Period (1875 – 1900)
– Arts and Crafts (1860-1920)
– Aesthetic Movement (1870-1890)
– Anglo-Japanese/Amero-Oriental Styles
(1880-1900)
reform movements
• machine has separated the artist from the
craftsmen—”the villain”—produced
degrading work
• artist/designer makes poor choices
• craftsmen unhappy—not working on their
own designs
history
William Morris
• believes one should work for love and satisfaction of it
• wanted to do away with money—bartering & trading
• goes back to the medieval period for inspiration
history
opens a shop in England—celebration of hand craft
history
Morris critiques
paper as being lush,
3D & made by
machine
textile
• hand blocked—not
done by machine
• textile—wallpaper or
fabric
• stylized—not trying
to appear real
• recognizes is
working in 2D—
”dishonest” to make
it appear 3D
• on a grid—inorganic
• purchased only by
esoteric—not for
aesthetic
Daisy, 1862
textile
Pimpernell, 1876
• fantastic color against muddy color
• lacy delicate layer in back to provide surface depths
textile
Strawberry Thief
1883
textile
Willow Boughs, 1880s
• still hand produced—far less complex
• cheaper to produce
textile
Walter Crane, 1880s
textile designer
Peacock,
1890s
only upper class can afford work
furniture
Ladderback,
1860-80s
•
•
•
•
historic piece—so vernacular
hand crafted
wood joinery
rushed seat
furniture
Sussex Chair, 1865
design attributed to Phillip Webb
• colleague of William Morris
• minimal carving—a lot of turning on legs
furniture
furniture
Weaving Chair,
1860-80s
• chair by Morris; artwork by Pre-Raphaelites
• reform art by rejecting what they considered to be the mechanistic approach
first adopted by the Mannerist artists who succeeded Raphael and
Michelangelo
• joined together due to commonalities in honesty of materials
furniture
Morris
Reclining
Chair
1860-80s
• Morris competing with
Victorian furniture
• one of first mechanical
recliners
• beaded stretchers—
added expense
• 2D Morris fabric
• button tufted—not coil
spring
interior
typical arts and crafts interior
• cottage-like furniture, vernacular, low ceilings
• often had simple wood surfaces, very minimal use of art
• handwoven textiles, stylized wallpaper, rush seats on chairs
interior
William Morris and associates, around 1860
• furniture clunky & medieval in nature
• furniture, textiles and wallpaper all handmade
interior
Green Drawing Room—created to showcase Morris’ skills
interior
Green Drawing
Room, William Morris
“Art for Art’s Sake”
• marquetry piano
• shows growing interest in
using lots of pattern in
single composition
ornament
Owen Jones,
THE GRAMMAR OF
ORNAMENT,
London, 1859
cover
sketched & notated any
pattern that he saw anywhere
ornament
Egypt and Greece
ornament
Byzantine and Renaissance
ornament
• 18th century patterned floor inspired by Jones
• William Morris also inspired by Jones
architecture
The Red House, by
William Morris &
Phillip Webb, at
Bexley Heath, near
London, 1860s
• Webb more of an
architect
• all natural materials
• designed from
inside out
architecture/ornament
Front Door
• hand painted
• panel for each season
• hand-blocked wall paper
• contrast with simplicity of
door
architecture
The Red House—inspired by…
architecture
English thatched cottages
architecture
architecture/interiors
Sitting
Dining
Stair
Hall
Kitchen
Drawing
architecture/interiors
Dining
Stair
Sitting
Hall
Kitchen
•
•
•
•
less palatial
drawing room on second floor
particulate space
longer corridors
Drawing
interiors
Entry hall/stair hall
• medieval
imagery
• not nearly as
refined as
Victorian
• multi-functional—
storage/sitting
interiors
stairwell handcrafted by
Morris and his workers
interiors
• exposed wood beams
• stylized pattern/simplification of a basket weave
interiors
• brick is decorative element
• moldings & profile out of brick—previously used only as
structure
interiors
brick responds to direction of smoke
interiors
Art is Long,
Life is Brief
mottos are a way for inhabitants
to express values
interiors
• medieval images on either
side of bookcase
• handcrafted rugs
Drawing Room
interiors
• bookcase built-in offers storage/seating
• board and batten doors with large iron strapwork holding it
together
ornament
example of
medieval artwork
ornamentation
architecture
The Orchards, by C.F.A. Voysey,
Chorley Wood, Hertfordshire, 1899
• Voysey follows Morris’ philosphies
• Arts and Crafts inspires Modern movement
• cottage style; vertically shingled roofing; plaster over brick
architecture
rooflines extend beyond livable space
architecture
Greyfriars, the Sturgis House, by C.F.A. Voysey, Surrey,
England, 1890s
• does not have corridors
• uses space efficiently
interiors
The Orchard, Chorley Wood, Hertfordshire, 1899
• stripped down, clean lines—very modern
• handcraft doesn’t have to look so rough
furniture
Charles Locke
Eastlake, HINTS
ON HOUSEHOLD
TASTE, pub.
London, 1868
book helped to sell William
Morris’ vernacular work to middle
class
furniture
“It is unfortunate for the
interests of Art at the
present time that in
civilised countries it has
come to be regarded as
the result of theories
utterly remote from the
question of ordinary taste,
totally distinct from those
principles which influence
manufacture and
structural science, and
independent of any
standard of excellence
which we might expect to
be derived from common
sense.”
furniture
furniture
• all wood construction; very little ornamentation
• William Morris
furniture
Kelmscott Cabinet
CFA Voysey
• board and batten
• simple construction
• creates an “arts & crafts”
font
decorative art
• American Navy forces east
to open ports for trade
• realized that furniture is
very simple—just planes
and lines
• easy to make but very
elegant and exotic
Hiroshige
The Bird Festival in the Fields near
Asakusa (Asakusa tambo tori no
machi mode), no. 101 in the series
One Hundred Views of Famous
Places in Edo (Meisho edo hyakkei).
1857
Color woodcut — 335 x 222 mm
furniture
AngloJapanese
Sideboard
by E. W.
Godwin,
England,
1870s-1880s
• furniture with
blue and white
porcelain
becomes
latest craze
• fits into arts
and crafts—
simple, but
looks less
vernacular
decorative art
• portrait in Japanese style—
severe floor plane
• kimono, screen & fan
La Princesse du pays de
la porcelaine, 1863-64, by
James McNeill Whistler.
Oil on canvas, 199.9 x
116.1 cm.
decorative art
4 September, 1904
Leyland left room in Whistler’s
care to make minor
changes—primary purpose
was to display Leyland’s china
collection
Whistler let his imagination
run wild, “Well, you know, I
just painted on. I went on—
without design or sketch—
putting in every touch with
such freedom…And the
harmony in blue and gold
developing, you know, I forgot
everything in my joy of it.”
decorative art/interiors
The Peacock Room, by James Whistler, London, 1877
(now in Freer Gallery, Washington D.C.)
hand-tooled Spanish embossed leather wall covering
decorative art
Leyland was
shocked by the
“improvements”—
Whistler was
terminated
•shelving meant to
imitate oriental
architecture
•peacocks painted
on set of doors
decorative art/interiors
Whistler gained access to Leyland's home—painted two fighting
peacocks meant to represent the artist and his patron
decorative art
one holds a paint brush and
the other holds a bag of money
his art was characterized by a subtle delicacy, while his public
persona was combative
Caricature of F. R.
Leyland
Date c. May-June 1879
Materials Pen and dark brown / black
ink on laid paper
Dimensions 17.4 cm x 11.2 cm
Marks Signed with a butterfly with a
barbed tail at the lower centre; inscribed
in ink by Whistler: "It occurs to "F.R.L.
frill - that he will keep an eye on the
assets of the White House."
furniture
Anglo-japanese movement parcelgilt and ebonized faux bamboo
parlor suite, American, 19th century
The Aesthetic
Movement
“More is more.”
movement of display—display
your good taste
interiors
the quest for
sweetness
and light:
Sunflower (most popular),
lily, poppy
Greenery-Yallery—
color scheme; green
to yellow analogous
scheme; most
common
ornament
sunflowers
look for abstraction
in textiles to see
difference
compared to
Victorian interiors
ornament
poppies
birds become
popular due to
Japanese
influence
interior
•look for very different
types of furniture to
identify aesthetic
movement
•everything was almost
like an individual piece of
art—very eclectic
ornament
poppies
multiple patterns
on one surface—
attributed to
Owen Jones
influence
interior
William Morris Furniture, 1860s-1880s
Weaving Chair
Aesthetic
Movement
bedroom
furniture
Herter
Brothers
New York
City,
1880s
•Asian inspiration—ebony &
marquetry
•Arts & Crafts ideal of handcrafted
pieces—high art
•very elite
interior
•Rockefeller interior—
magnificence, vibrant color,
eclecticism
•furniture details: fully gilded,
dragon on upholstery, mother of
pearl, all handcrafted
furniture
Edwards &
Roberts: an
ebonized and inlaid
gilt-decorated
sideboard the
mirrored upper section
with finely painted
panels of birds and
flowers, the base
having three burr elm
drawers above two
cupboards inlaid with
birds and branches in
various woods, circa
1875.
Height 68ins (173cm)
width 60ins (152.5cm)
depth 16.5ins (42cm).
simplicity of horizontal
and vertical line
furniture
Walnut Aesthetic
Movement corner
chair
A walnut Aesthetic Movement
corner chair in the Thebes
style. Circa 1890. Attributed
to Liberty & Co.
Height: 40"/1020mm.
Width: 26"/660mm.
Depth: 23"/585mm.
seen as an art piece, but
meant to be used
Victorian Aesthetic
Movement portiére
embroidered wool on
wool worsted.
1880.
Length: 82"/2100mm.
Width: 62"/1575mm.
furniture
crane is
popular
motif
Cox & Sons Aesthetic
Movement triptych
screen with painted
and stained glass;
central panel depicting
a crane swallowing a
frog. Framed in oak.
Circa 1880.
female
male
•living in a sensuous, cultural
world
•“dandy”
•foppish people easily snub you
furniture
Miscellaneous Anglo-Japanese / Aesthetic Furniture by E. W. Godwin,
England,
1870s-1880s
furniture
Miscellaneous
Anglo-Japanese
by E. W.
Miscellaneous
Anglo-Japanese/ /Aesthetic
Aesthetic Furniture
Furniture, England,
Godwin,
England,
1870s-1880s
1870s-1880s
furniture
Miscellaneous American Aesthetic interiors and furniture by
the Herter Brothers,
NY, 1880s
furniture
Miscellaneous American Aesthetic interiors and furniture by
the Herter Brothers, NY, 1880s
furniture
Miscellaneous American
Aesthetic interiors and
furniture by the Herter
Brothers, NY, 1880s