Transcript Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution
20.1
New Agricultural Revolution
• Farming – *Enclosure movement • Put small farmers off the land • Created a labor pool – *Improvements • Fertilize, mixed soils, seed drill and stronger horses • *Population Explosion – 1715-1789 in Europe 120 million to 190 million • Due to declining death rate • *Energy – Coal used for steam power
Britain Leads The Way
20.2
Britain leads the way
• *Natural resources – Large supplies of coal and iron • *Increased labor force – Pop. increase and enclosure movement • *New technology – Enlightenment taught progress by technology • *Economic conditions – Trade accumulated capital – Increased pop. = increased demand • *Political & social conditions – Stable pro business government – Strong navy – Religious groups promoted hard work and thrift HMS Victory is the only 18th Century ship of the line still to be found anywhere in the world
Steam Engine
• Most revolutionary invention • James Watt design the modern steam engine. • led to many new inventions, most notably in transportation and industry
The Steam Engine
Changes in the textile industry
• Putout system too slow • *Inventions – John Kay’s “flying shuttle” weaving – Steam locomotive...1830 Manchester to Liverpool – Steam boats... 1807 Robert Fulton “paddle wheeler” • Steam freighters with iron hulls by 1880 The flying shuttle was thrown by a leaver that could be operated by one weaver.
James Hargreaves’ “spinning jenny”
1764 Enabled one person to spin 6 to 7 threads at a time.
Richard Arkwright’s Water Frame 1768
• •
Spinning machine that ran continuously on water power Developed to weave cotton textiles
20.3
Hardships of Early Industrial life
• *Urbanization....People moving to the city – The poor forced to live in foul slums • No running water • No sanitation system • Diseases spread rapidly
Where home is a hovel, and dull we grovel, Forgetting the world is fair.
The Factory
Factory system made workers slaves to the machines
• *Rigid discipline – 12 to 16 hour shifts – Many job accidents and safety issues • *Women workers preferred – Adapted to machines easier – Easier to manage – Paid them less “It is about half past five by our clock at home when we go in....We come out at seven by the mill. We never stop to take our meals, except at dinner.”
Child labor
Leo 48 inches high, 8 years old. Picks up bobbins at 15 cents a day in Elk Cotton Mill.
• *Nimble fingered, quick moving and small • Orphans used with official permission
The Working Class
• Protests were treated harshly • Forbidden to form labor movements • *Methodism spreads –Improvement through sober moral ways –Channel anger to social reform
*The New Middle Class
• Merchants, Inventors, Investors and Artisans • Believed in Laissez Faire • Believed the poor were lazy and/or ignorant – Should work their way up
Problems and Benefits of the Industrial Revolution • Problems – Low Pay, Unemployment, Dismal living conditions • *Benefits – More new factories created more jobs – Wages rose , workers could buy more – Cost of Railroad travel fell – Wealth was spread around more than ever
20.4
New Ways of Thinking
Economics…*Laissez-faire • Free market would level out • Iron law of wages…higher wages = bigger families = more labor = lower wages = more unemployment Population • Would grow faster than the food supply • Did not happen and living conditions improved
New Social Ideas
• *Utilitarian – The greatest happiness for the greatest number of people • *Socialism – People as a whole should own everything – Social Utopians • Self sufficient communities modeled after socialism • Robert Owen…built one in New Lanark, Scotland
Scientific Socialism *“Marxism” Based on the scientific study of history by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels • The *bourgeoisie (the haves) always struggled with the *Proletariat (have nots) • Predicted that the Proletariat would eventually win and set up a classless communistic society • Weakness • By 1900 the standard of living of the Proletariat improved • Nationalism became more important than working class loyalty
Karl Marx, 1818-1883
The Communist Manifesto
The industrial Revolution Spreads
22.1
• New powers, France, Germany and United States – *Caught up to Britain fast, Why?
• Abundant supplies of coal and iron ore • Could follow Britain’s lead
*New methods of production
• Interchangeable parts • Assembly line Henry Ford The first Ford…1896
Technology and industry
• Steel ... 1856, Henry Bessemer developed a process to purify iron.
• Chemicals – Medicines, aspirin, perfumes, soaps, margarine and fertilizers.
– Alfred Nobel invented dynamite • Electricity – *Edison’s light bulb illuminated whole cities • city life quickened • factories could produce after dark
Transportation
• *Horseless carriage....Gottlieb Daimler (Auto) combined with Nikolaus Otto (internal combustion engine) 1886 • Orville and Wilbur Wright’s airplane 1903
1886: The first 4-wheeled automobile
Communications
Telegraph.... Samuel Morse…. by 1860's undersea cable Telephone...Alexander Bell....1890's Radio....Guglielmo Marconi....1901
Telegraph Receiver June 25, 1876 Centennial Exhibition Philadelphia
New directions for Business
22.2
• *Monopolies or cartels....Controlled entire industries – Fixed prices, set productions quotas, divided up markets – Standard Oil Co. of Ohio...John D. Rockefeller • controlled oil wells, refineries, pipelines and stations • Called “Robber Barons ”
Growth of Cities
• *Population doubled between 1800 and 1900….Why?
– Death rate fell – Improved farming methods – Food storage and distribution methods – Improved medical advances
Medicine
• The link between germs and diseases “germ theory” proved – *Louis Pasteur...vaccine for rabies and pasteurization – Robert Koch identified the bacteria that caused TB • Hospitals – William Morton.... Anesthesia – *Florence Nightingale....sanitary measures • First school of nursing – Joseph Lister....antiseptics...prevent infections
The New City
Life in the cities
• Settlement shifts –Urban renewal...replacing medieval planning •Rich built nice neighborhoods on the edges •Poor crowded into slums near the factories –High crime rates, alcoholism –Improved slowly –*Developed sidewalks, sewers and skyscrapers –Had music halls, parks, museums, education and more
Working class struggles
Reforms • Mutual-aid societies to help sick or injured workers • All men could vote • Right to organize unions • *Passed laws regulating conditions in factories and mines – outlawed child labor – 8 hour work day – disability insurance
Changing attitudes
*Social order changes • Upper class....old nobility plus super rich industrial and business families • High middle class....mid-level businessmen and professionals • Lower middle class....low-level businessmen and professionals • Low class....workers and peasants 22.3
Changing Values
• Social code – Children are to be seen but not heard – Marriage for love and profit – Cult of domesticity...”home sweet home” • *Women’s rights – Broke professional and educational barriers – Suffrage faced intense opposition • women too emotional • should be protected from grubby politics • Universities expanded
New science of geology stirred religious debate
• 1856...Neanderthal man discovered
This reconstruction depicts the adult male Neanderthal unearthed at the Amud cave site in Israel, who lived more than 50,000 years ago.
Darwinism
…. all forms of life evolved over millions of years
• Natural selection....the strong survive • *Social Darwinism – Applies natural selection to war and economics – Encourages racism • *Social Gospel....urged Christians to do social service – Salvation Army..1878
Charles Darwin
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
. Published in 1859
22.4
Changes in the arts
• *Romanticism...sought to excite strong emotions • Bold artwork, romantically disturbed heroes and strong composers – The orchestra took shape in the early 1800's – Beethoven...strong emotional symphonies
Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827)
Realism verses Photography
Taken in 1839 • Realism...represent the world as it was • 1840's....photography created a new art form that was very realistic • *Gives rise to impressionists –Painters did not blend brush strokes
Claude Monet