Transcript The Dawn of the Industrial Age”

Vocabulary
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Anesthetic
Enclosure
Smelt
Capital
Factory
Turnpike
Urbanization
Tenement building
Labor union
Utilitarianism
Socialism
Means of production
Communism
Proletariat
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Dynamo
Interchangeable parts
Assembly line
Stock corporation
Cartel
Germ theory
Urban renewal
Mutual-aid society
Standard of living
Cult of domesticity
Temperance movement
Women’s suffrage
Racism social gospel
Romanticism
Realism
Impressionism
39 & 4
“The Dawn of the
Industrial Age”
New Agricultural Revolution
• Farming
– *Enclosure movement
• Put small farmers off
the land
• Created a labor pool
– *Improvements
• Fertilize, mixed soils,
seed drill and stronger
horses
• *Population Explosion
– 1715-1789 in Europe
120 million to 190
million
• Due to declining death
rate
• *Energy
– Coal used for steam
power
Britain Leads The Way
Britain leads the way
• *Natural resources
– Large supplies of coal and iron
• *Increased labor force
– Pop. increase and enclosure movement
• *New technology
– Enlightenment taught progress by technology
• *Economic conditions
– Trade accumulated capital
– Increased pop. = increased demand
• *Political & social conditions
– Stable pro business government
– Strong navy
– Religious groups promoted hard work and thrift
HMS Victory is the only
18th Century ship of the
line still to be found
anywhere in the world
The Steam Engine
Changes in the textile industry
• Putout system too slow
• *Inventions
– John Kay’s “flying
shuttle” weaving
– Steam locomotive...1830
Manchester to Liverpool
– Steam boats... 1807
Robert Fulton “paddle
wheeler”
• Steam freighters with
iron hulls by 1880
The flying shuttle was
thrown by a leaver that
could be operated by
one weaver.
Hardships of Early Industrial
life
• *Urbanization....People
moving to the city
– The poor forced to live
in foul slums
• No running water
• No sanitation system
• Diseases spread rapidly
Where home is a hovel, and dull we grovel,
Forgetting the world is fair.
Summary
Write a four or five sentence summary or your
notes so far.
The Factory
Factory system made workers
slaves to the machines
• *Rigid discipline
– 12 to 16 hour shifts
– Many job accidents and
safety issues
• *Women workers
preferred
– Adapted to machines
easier
– Easier to manage
“It is about half past five by our clock at home
– Paid them less
when we go in....We come out at seven by the mill.
We never stop to take our meals, except at dinner.”
Child labor
Leo 48 inches high, 8
years old. Picks up
bobbins at 15 cents a
day in Elk Cotton Mill.
• *Nimble fingered, quick moving and small
• Orphans used with official permission
The Working Class
• Protests were treated
harshly
• Forbidden to form labor
movements
• *Methodism spreads
–Improvement through
sober moral ways
–Channel anger to social
reform
*The New Middle Class
• Merchants, Inventors, Investors
and Artisans
• Believed in Laissez Faire
• Believed the poor were lazy and/or
ignorant
– Should work their way up
Problems and Benefits of the
Industrial Revolution
• Problems
– Low Pay, Unemployment,
Dismal living conditions
• *Benefits
– More new factories created
more jobs
– Wages rose , workers could
buy more
– Cost of Railroad travel fell
– Wealth was spread around
more than ever
New Ways of Thinking
Economics…*Laissez-faire
• Free market would level out
• Iron law of wages…higher wages =
bigger families = more labor = lower
wages = more unemployment
Population
• Would grow faster than the food supply
• Did not happen and living conditions
improved
New Social Ideas
• *Utilitarian
– The greatest happiness for the greatest number
of people
• *Socialism
– People as a whole should own everything
– Social Utopians
• Self sufficient communities modeled after socialism
• Robert Owen…built one in New Lanark, Scotland
Summary
Write a four or five sentence summary or your
notes so far.
Scientific Socialism
*“Marxism”
Based on the scientific study of history by
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
• The *bourgeoisie (the haves) always
struggled with the *Proletariat (have nots)
• Predicted that the Proletariat would
eventually win and set up a classless
communistic society
• Weakness
• By 1900 the standard of living of the
Proletariat improved
• Nationalism became more important
than working class loyalty
Karl Marx, 1818-1883
The Communist Manifesto
The industrial Revolution
Spreads
• New powers, France,
Germany and United
States
– *Caught up to Britain
fast, Why?
• Abundant supplies of
coal and iron ore
• Could follow Britain’s
lead
*New methods of
production
• Interchangeable
parts
• Assembly line
Henry Ford
The first Ford…1896
Technology and industry
• Steel ... 1856, Henry Bessemer developed a
process to purify iron.
• Chemicals
– Medicines, aspirin, perfumes, soaps, margarine
and fertilizers.
– Alfred Nobel invented dynamite
• Electricity
– *Edison’s light bulb illuminated whole cities
• city life quickened
• factories could produce after dark
Transportation
• *Horseless carriage....Gottlieb
Daimler (Auto) combined with
Nikolaus Otto (internal
combustion engine) 1886
• Orville and Wilbur Wright’s
airplane 1903
1886: The first 4-wheeled
automobile
Communications
Telegraph.... Samuel
Morse…. by 1860's
undersea cable
Telephone...Alexander
Bell....1890's
Telegraph Receiver
June 25, 1876
Radio....Guglielmo
Marconi....1901
Centennial
Exhibition
Philadelphia
Summary
Write a four or five sentence summary or your
notes so far.
New directions for Business
• *Monopolies or
cartels....Controlled entire
industries
– Fixed prices, set productions
quotas, divided up markets
– Standard Oil Co. of Ohio...John D.
Rockefeller
• controlled oil wells, refineries, pipelines
and stations
• Called “Robber Barons”
Growth of Cities
• *Population doubled between 1800 and
1900….Why?
– Death rate fell
– Improved farming methods
– Food storage and distribution methods
– Improved medical advances
Medicine
• The link between germs and
diseases “germ theory” proved
– *Louis Pasteur...vaccine for rabies
and pasteurization
– Robert Koch identified the bacteria
that caused TB
• Hospitals
– William Morton.... Anesthesia
– *Florence Nightingale....sanitary
measures
• First school of nursing
– Joseph Lister....antiseptics...prevent
infections
The New City
Life in the cities
• Settlement shifts
–Urban renewal...replacing medieval planning
•Rich built nice neighborhoods on the edges
•Poor crowded into slums near the factories
–High crime rates, alcoholism
–Improved slowly
–*Developed sidewalks, sewers and
skyscrapers
–Had music halls, parks, museums, education
and more
Working class struggles
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Reforms
Mutual-aid societies to help sick or injured
workers
All men could vote
Right to organize unions
*Passed laws regulating conditions in
factories and mines
– outlawed child labor
– 8 hour work day
– disability insurance
Summary
Write a four or five sentence summary or your
notes so far.
Changing attitudes
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*Social order changes
Upper class....old nobility plus superrich industrial and business families
High middle class....mid-level
businessmen and professionals
Lower middle class....low-level
businessmen and professionals
Low class....workers and peasants
Changing Values
• Social code
– Children are to be seen but not heard
– Marriage for love and profit
– Cult of domesticity...”home sweet
home”
• *Women’s rights
– Broke professional and educational
barriers
– Suffrage faced intense opposition
• women too emotional
• should be protected from grubby politics
• Universities expanded
New science of geology
stirred religious debate
• 1856...Neanderthal
man discovered
This reconstruction depicts
the adult male Neanderthal
unearthed at the Amud cave
site in Israel, who lived more
than 50,000 years ago.
Darwinism…. all forms of life
evolved over millions of years
• Natural selection....the
strong survive
• *Social Darwinism
– Applies natural selection
to war and economics
– Encourages racism
• *Social Gospel....urged
Christians to do social
service
– Salvation Army..1878
Charles Darwin
On the Origin of Species by Means of
Natural Selection. Published in 1859
Changes in the arts
• *Romanticism...sought
to excite strong
emotions
• Bold artwork,
romantically disturbed
heroes and strong
composers
– The orchestra took shape
in the early 1800's
– Beethoven...strong
emotional symphonies
Ludwig van
Beethoven
(1770-1827)
Realism verses Photography
• Realism...represent the
world as it was
• 1840's....photography
created a new art form
that was very realistic
Taken in 1839
• *Gives rise to impressionists
–Painters did not blend brush
strokes
Claude Monet
Into The 1900’s
The End