Transcript Industrial Revolution Begins

Industrial Revolution
Begins
Revolution in Great
Britain
 1700s
= change in technology
 energy source changed from human
& animal power to machinery
 Industrial Revolution occurred when
use of power-driven machinery was
developed
 this started in Great Britain
Factors for Success
in Great Britain
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
exploration and colonialism
power of the sea
political stability
government support
growth of private investment
Agricultural Factors
 1701
 Jethro Tull invented seed
drill
 landowners bought up small farms
and consolidated them in the
enclosure movement
Factors of Production:
Land

Great Britain had great natural
resources
1.
2.
3.
coal for fuel
iron for steel & machinery
waterways (rivers & canals) to generate
power and transport raw materials and
goods
Factors of Production:
Labor
 Great
Britain’s population grew
because of greater food supply
 enclosure movement took land away
from small farmers
 resulted
in surplus of available workers
Factors of Production:
Capital
 capital is
the money or property a
business needs to stay in business
 capital can be money, machines, or
people
 people
who specialized in one area had
abilities and skills to their advantages
A Revolution in Textiles
a
cottage industry is an occupation
in which you make a craft and it is
done in your home
 making cloth had been a cottage
industry
 cloth was made mostly with wool
A New Way of Making
Cloth
 cloth
was now made from wool and
cotton
 more
sheep could be raised due to the
enclosure movement
 cotton came to Great Britain from the
colonies
 new
inventions helped the process
of cloth making
Cotton Gin
 invented
by Eli Whitney
 removed seeds from raw cotton
Spinning Jenny
 invented
by James Hargreaves
 spun multiple threads at one time
 threads
were still thick and broke easily
Spinning Frame
 invented
by Richard Arkwright
 similar to the spinning jenny
 spun
stronger, thinner threads
“Flying Shuttle”
 invented
by John Kay
 pushed thread back and forth on
loom automatically
 had
been done by the weaver pushing the
shuttle back and forth
 allowed for looms to be wider than arm’s
width
Power Loom
 invented
by Edmund Cartwright in
1785
 automated the weaving process
Cloth Making Outside the
Home
 new
inventions to speed up the cloth
making process were big machines
 machines needed a special place to
house them
 cloth now made
in FACTORIES
Steam Powers the
Revolution
 steam
is created when water is
heated to the point of vaporizing
 water vapors expand when hot
 steam engines were invented in
1712 by Thomas Newcomen
Newcomen Steam
Engine
Development of the
Steam Engine
 James
Watt innovated Newcomen’s
steam engine to be more efficient
 Watt’s
 1802
engine was better suited for factories
 Richard Trevithick put a
steam engine in first locomotive
 1807  Robert Fulton developed the
first steamship
Coal for British Steam
Engines



coal mining industry in northern
and western England grew
by 1800, Great Britain produced
80% of Europe’s coal
mining was dangerous
1.
2.
3.
4.
explosions
coal dust
collapsing shafts
hard labor
Daily Life in the
Late 1800s
Traditional City

before industrialization cities
existed for:
1.
2.
3.
4.
trade
political functions
military functions
religious functions
Industrial City
 during/after
industrialization cities
existed for:
 raw
materials to gather & be sent to
factories
 new products to be manufactured
Industrial City

industrial cities needed:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
factories
large workforce
transportation
warehouses
stores
offices
Industrial City
 SMOG
was practically always
present
 (coal)
smoke & moist air
 London
had a particular problem
with it
 1873:
268 deaths
 1879: lasted for four months
Migration to Cities
 many
people emigrated from Europe
 some
went to Latin America & Australia
 most
emigrants came to America
 1870-1900 about 12 million people
immigrated to the United States
 Ireland,
China
England, Germany, Italy, Russia, &
Migration to Cities
 1890
New York City had a population
that was 42% foreign born
 not
all immigrants lived in New York
 Chicago,
Boston, and San Francisco
Migration to Cities
 immigrants
had to stop at one of two
places before entering the United
States
-Ellis Island (east)
-Angel Island (west)
Livable City
 cities
modernized water & sewer
systems
 plumbing
for houses allowed people
to have better water
Livable City
 electricity
helped keep houses
cleaner and more efficient
-vacuum cleaners
-refrigerators
-electric stoves
 big buildings were needed for
housing
 underground railways helped keep
streets clearer of congestion
Livable City
 parks
were created within cities
 gave
people a place for healthy
recreation
 free
to the public
Suburbs
 people
moved out of the cities to
surrounding areas
 transportation made
 people
this possible
could commute to work
Leisure Activities
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
day-trips & vacations
education
politics
art & literature
sports
entertainment
Going to the Beach
Going to the Beach
Vacationing
Vacationing
Education
Education
Politics
Politics
Romanticism
Impressionism
Realism
Football
Baseball
Entertainment
Living & Working
Conditions of the
Industrial Revolution
Cottage Industries
people worked from home
 there were many pros to this type of
industry





scheduling & adjustment of schedules
direct partnership with merchant
shorter hours & less demanding
there were also some cons



loss of equipment
loss of parents
difficult & time-consuming to learn
Factory Industries
 people
worked in factories
 pros to working in a factory
 several
separate, easy jobs
 allowed middle-class to grow
 women & children could work
 cons
to working in a factory
 tasks
were often dangerous
 more pollution
 women & children could work
Factory Towns
 grew
up around factories
 many people lived in cramped
conditions
 pollution increased because of
factories
 poor sanitation
Mass Production
 allowed
large number of identical
items to be manufactured
 two elements made this possible:
1. interchangeable parts
- identical, machine made parts
- easy production & repair
2. assembly line
- product moves from worker to
worker
- each worker has own task in
process
New Economic Theories
Mercantilism
 previously
the most popular economy
 import
as little as possible
 export as much as possible
 having
colonies was almost imperative
for this economy to thrive
Capitalism
 individual
people have the right to own
private property
 the
government protects these
individual rights
~ another name for this is laissez-faire
economics
Capitalism (continued)
 economic
activity should not be
regulated by the government
 economies
using this theory have
markets based on competition
~ businesses compete for sales/profit
Capitalism (continued)
 competition
in the economy means that
prices are often lower
 competition
also means that items are
probably of better quality
 when
one business has most control of
an industry  monopoly
Socialism
 government
production
 this
controls all means of
theory promises:
~ economic equality
~ getting rid of poverty
~ abolishing the need for money
Socialism (continued)
a
place that used this theory might have
for the people:
~ a non-profit store
~ decent houses
~ good working conditions
Socialism (continued)
 government
would decide when & how
much of what to produce
~ products may not be of the best
quality
Communism
 very
similar to socialism
 socialism
is good, but that it will take
too long to implement
~ wealthy people = big problem
Communism (continued)
 the
majority of people need to revolt &
govern themselves
 the
people would control all of the
means of production
Communism (continued)
 if
the people control the government,
they control the economy
theory focuses on “fairness”
~ a person doing heavy labor should
not receive less pay than a person
working in an office
 this