Transcript Industrial Revolution Begins

A New Kind of Revolution
Ch 21 Sec 1 Pages 633-639
What you will learn
 In
the 1700s, conditions in Great Britain
led to the rapid growth of the textile
industry, which in turn led to huge
changes in many other industries.
Revolution in Great Britain
 1700s
= change in technology
 energy source changed from human &
animal power to machinery
 Industrial Revolution occurred when use
of power-driven machinery was
developed
 this started in Great Britain
Crash Course
 Coal,
Steam, and The Industrial
Revolution: Crash Course World History
#32 - YouTube#at=49
Factors for Success
in Great Britain
 exploration
and colonialism
 vast
amounts of raw material and new markets
of consumers
 power
of the sea
 can
bring raw materials to GB and send
finished product out
 political
 when
stability
at peace in the homeland, general daily
living thrives, including commerce.
 no battles to fight=more money to spend
Factors for Success
in Great Britain
 government
support
 Great
Britain had laws that favored business
 this helped Great Britain compete against other
nations
 growth
 new
of private investment
businesses need investors to get the start
up money to begin
 today = “research and development”
Agricultural Factors- R & D
1701  Jethro Tull invented seed drill
landowners bought up small farms and
consolidated them in the enclosure
movement
 better breeding methods for animals and
varieties of food crops were developed, as
well
 increasing food supply
meant the population
could increase too


Factors of Production: Land
 Great
Britain had great natural
resources
 coal
for fuel
 iron for steel & machinery
 waterways (rivers & canals) to generate
power and transport raw materials and
goods
Factors of Production: Labor
 Great
Britain’s population grew because
of greater food supply
 enclosure movement took land away
from small farmers
 resulted
in surplus of available workers
Factors of Production: Capital
 capital
is the money or property a
business needs to stay in business
 Wealthy business people invested
capital to make a profit and not share
with workers
 capital can be money, machines, or
people
 people
who specialized in one area had
abilities and skills to their advantages

Human Capital
A Revolution in Textiles
a
cottage industry is an occupation in
which you make a craft and it is done in
your home
 making cloth had been a cottage
industry
 cloth was made mostly with wool
A New Way of Making Cloth
 cloth
was now made from wool and
cotton
 more
sheep could be raised due to the
enclosure movement
 cotton came to Great Britain from the
colonies
 new
inventions helped the process of
cloth making
Cotton Gin
 invented
by Eli Whitney
 removed seeds from raw cotton
Spinning Jenny -1764
 invented
by James Hargreaves
 spun multiple threads at one time
 threads
were still thick and broke easily
Spinning Frame
 invented
by Richard Arkwright
 similar to the spinning jenny
 spun
stronger, thinner threads
“Flying Shuttle” - 1733
 invented
by John Kay
 pushed thread back and forth on loom
automatically
 had
been done by the weaver pushing the
shuttle back and forth
 allowed for looms to be wider than arm’s
width
 the
flying shuttle doubled the speed at
which a worker could do the job
 many
workers lost their jobs and Kay fled
to France to die in poverty
Power Loom
 invented
by Edmund Cartwright in 1785
 automated the weaving process
Cloth Making Outside the Home
 new
inventions to speed up the cloth
making process were big machines
 machines needed a special place to
house them
 cloth now made
in FACTORIES
 Factories were
placed next to
river for water
power
Example of an
water powered
mill.
Water turned
the wheel
which provide
the power to
drive the new
machines.
Steam Powers the Revolution
 steam
is created when water is heated
to the point of vaporizing
 water vapors expand when hot
 steam engines were invented in 1712
by Thomas Newcomen
Newcomen Steam Engine
Development of the Steam
Engine
 James
Watt innovated Newcomen’s
steam engine to be more efficient
 Watt’s
engine was better suited for factories
 Richard Trevithick put a steam
engine in first locomotive
 1807  Robert Fulton developed the
first steamship
 1802
The Impact of the Railroad
Development of the Steam
Engine
 WHAT
IS AN ADVANTAGE OF
STEAM POWER OVER WATER
POWER FOR USE IN FACTORIES?
a
factory doesn’t have to be near a
waterway, meaning factories could also be
nearer cities and/or ports where finished
product had to end up
 steam-powered trains made it possible to
ship finished goods faster
 steamships replaced sailing ships on the
open sea and horse-drawn barges in
canals
Coal for British Steam Engines
Lumber was scarce due to deforestation for
farming
 coal mining industry in northern and western
England grew
 by 1800, Great Britain produced 80% of
Europe’s coal
 mining was dangerous




explosions
coal dust
collapsing shafts
hard labor
Young Coal Miners
Child Labor in the Mines
Child
“hurriers”
What’s Happening
 What
are the three factors of production
that we discussed?
 What is an example of each of these
factors that Great Britain had?
 How did the early inventions help the
textile industry change from a cottage
industry to an industry performed in
factories?
Industrialization Spreads
 Industry
and the West
 Individual
freedom becomes significant
force in society
 People with freedoms compete with one
another for wealth and fame
 Competition is deemed good for all
 Westerners race to find new lands for new
markets and to exploit for Raw materials
Industry comes to America
 Britain
outlawed export of certain
machines and forbade skill craftsman
from leaving country
 WHY?
 Great
Britain had a huge head start in
revolution
Industry comes to America
 Samuel
 Skilled
Slater
young millworker, escapes GB
disguised as a farmer and heads to
America
 He had memorized the working of the
water frame and reproduced it in America
 Built 1st mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island
 Father of American Industry
Industry comes to America
Frances Cabot Lowell
 First all in one mill

 40
multi story brick buildings
 Used water fall to run machinery
 6 miles of canals
 Hired 10,000 single girls from near by
farms to run
 Provided good wages and clean housing
Lowell System
Lowell Girls
Industry spreads to Europe
 William
Cockerill brought industry to
Central Europe
 After Napoleon’s defeat in 1815, French
government would financial support
industry
 1848
French would be an industrial power
house
 Germany
had no central government to
support Industry
 Many
small German states built railroads
 1850 treaties that barred German states
from trading were dropped
Industry in Asia
 Japan
joined revolution very late
 1868 Meiji Government modernized
Japan’s economy
 A few decades later Japan would be
one of the world’s industrial leaders
GROG 21.1 -5 points
Using your notes, fill in the interactive graphic
organizer by showing how various factors
helped start the Industrial Revolution.
Factories and Workers
Chapter 21 Sec 2
Pages 640-645
Bell Ringer 21.2
 Imagine
that you are a highly skilled
millworker living in Great Britain in about
1800. Write an outline for the main
points you would make to government
officials to persuade them that you
should be allowed to go to the United
States to start a textile business.
Production before Factories
 Cottage
Industry
 Wool
delivered right to cottage
 Product went from raw material to Finished
product under 1 roof
 Benefits

Controlled own schedule


Could work or rest depending on family needs
Controlled quality


Need more $$ then work faster
Work slower and produce better quality
Production before Factories
 Cottage
Industry
 Problems
Fire or flood could cause a financial hardship
 All skill took a long time to master
 A lot of physical strength need to run
machines
 Adults only
 Parents fell ill or died= financial hardship for
family

Working in a factory
 Mass
production- Manufacturing large
number of identical parts
 Cheaper
products
 More money in peoples pockets
 More goods available to the people
 Assemble
line- Product moves from person
to person, who each performs one step.
 Very

easy to learn and perform
To easy for men, would been seen as women/
children's work
 Boys
and girls would work at age of 6
Wages
Many families fleeing
countryside would work
in factories
(enclosure movement)
A large number of people
willing to work,
means low wages
Children and women were
paid less than men
long hours (12-16 hours) / six days
a week
no safety precautions - no
compensation for injury
unhealthy environment
Noise, lack of ventilation, poor sanitation
Impact of Industrialization
Changed patterns of life
urbanization-movement of people
from rural areas to cities
Industry moved from home to city
city populations expand dramatically
Factory towns
 Towns
first popped up along water
sources
 With the invention of steam power
factories popped up near coal mines
 Thick
soot cover these towns
 Turning day into night
Industrial Staffordshire
area in NW England known as black county due to
high pollution of coal dust
Problems of
Growing Cities
Living Conditions
poorly built
tenements
- large families crowded into
single room apartments
- poor water supplies
inadequate sanitation
- disease and
crime
were
constant
problems
Cottage workers unrest
 Factories
are the new way, but Cottage
Industry is still alive- barely
 Cottage Industries could not produce or
sell as cheaply as factories
 Facing financial ruins they would turn to
violence
Luddites

Cottage workers who
opposed factories
putting cottages out of
work
 Burned and smashed
factory machines
 Did not hurt people
 Those who were
caught were hung by
owners
 Luddite movement
ended quickly
British Government and Business
 British
Government did not see it as
their job to regulate business
 If they help the people to much they
would get lazy and not work as hard
Workers Organize
First unions were trade unions were
workers who had skills and would be
difficult to replace.
They would organize strikes to force
improvement of working conditions
Early attempts by workers to organize
and unionize met with resistance
- British government outlawed labor
unions
Demands for Change
Governments begin to
investigate
working conditions.
British Parliament enacts
laws limiting child
labor and limiting
hours in a work day .
Upstairs/Downstairs
Social/Economics
A New Class of Workers
 Wealthy
business people to invest
 Mid-level (Middle Class) employees to
run factory and supervise
 This
would be a fast growing group
 Low-level
employees to run machines
GROG 21.2 – 5 points
fill in the interactive graphic organizer by
analyzing the effects of the factory system to
answer the question, "Who do you think
benefited the most and least from the
changes?".
Chapter 21 Sec 3
New Ideas in a Society
Page 646-651
IV. New Currents of Thought
-
A. Economics
1.
Laissez-Faire Economics
laissez faire – economic
theory opposed any attempt
by the government to
interfere with the natural
laws governing economics.
b. Adam Smith - Scottish economist
who wrote “The Wealth of Nations"
-urged government
to let free
enterprise
operate on its
own.
- believed everyone
would benefit
Thomas Malthus- “Essay on the
Principles of Population"
- social problem of
poverty was due to
population growth.
- any government
attempt to correct
problems would only
making conditions
for the poor worse
David Ricardo - Iron Law of Wages
- stated wages and
prices go through
cycles
Socialism - a system in which
the workers or government
owned and controlled the
means of production.
*means of production i.) the means of production
would be operated for
the benefit of all people
Communism (Scientific Socialism)
Karl Marx & Friedrich
Engels publish “The
Communist Manifesto"
- Claimed theories
were based on a
scientific study of
history.
- Believed economics
shaped both social
and political
structures
History reveals a continuous
struggle between two classes:
- the "haves" (bourgeoisie " middle
class")
- They control the means of
production
- Through power and wealth shape
social and political structures.
The have nots - the proletariat or
working class
They lack the wealth of the haves
They produce the wealth through
their labor.
- Marx's predictions:
1. conditions of the workers
will continue to decline
2. proletariat will revolt and
take control of the means
of production
3. proletariat will destroy the
ruling class and setup
classless society
4. wealth and power would be
shared equally by all.
- Failing of Marx's theories
1. assumed the condition of
the workers would continue
to get worse over time.
2. the conditions of the
workers actually improved
in many ways and workers
were unwilling to overthrow
the system.
Scientific Theories
- Charles Darwin
published “On the
Origin of Species"
- presented a theory of
evolution based on
natural selection