Transcript Document 7227097

THE SECOND WAR FOR
INDEPENDENCE
AND THE UPSURGE OF
NATIONALISM - 1812-1824
Chapter 12
War of 1812
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War of 1812 was one of the worst fought
wars. Reasons:
 Country
was divided over the war.
 New England states didn’t want it
 No burning sense of outrage, as had been
after Chesapeake
 Army was ill-trained, ill-disciplined
 Generals poor.
 War Hawks didn’t follow through after voting
for the war
Canadian Invasion 1812
Canadian Campaign
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Offensive strategy in Canada was poorly
conceived and executed—complete failure.
American goals were to invade Canada so that
1) British don’t have a staging ground and 2) can
get some of that territory for US in peace treaty.
Instead, three-pronged invasion from Detroit,
Niagara and Lake Champlain.
US forces divided and became 3 weak rather
than 1 strong force.
These invasions were all quickly beaten back.
Campaigns of 1813
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Campaigns into Canada
in 1813 were also a failure
Victories:
Oliver Hazard Perry:
Lake Erie.
William Henry Harrison
defeats Brits at Battle of
the Thames. 10/1813
Battles of 1814
US stalemated at Canadian border, but
now Brits can bring over a lot more troops.
Napoleon defeated.
 Brits plan a three-pronged invasion
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 New
Orleans—choke off Miss. River
 Up Chesapeake—attack the capital
 Down Lake Champlain-Hudson River—
capture New England
New York
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10,000 strong British force prepared to crush New York
by invading down Lake Champlain.
Thomas Macdonough defeats British at battle of
Plattsburgh. 9/11/14
Key battle of the War.
Results
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British were forced to retreat
Macdonough saved upper New York from conquest.
Stopped further defections in New England
Affected the negotiations of Anglo-American peace treaty in
Europe.
Washington Burned
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1814 a second British force
landed in Chesapeake Bay and
advanced toward Washington.
Burned most of the public
buildings, including Capitol and
White House.
British fleet then beaten off at
Fort McHenry.
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Francis Scott Key —Star
Spangled Banner.
Battle of New Orleans
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8000 Brits attack New Orleans
Jackson in charge of defense
with hodge-podge force of
soldiers, pirates, Frenchmen.
Brits over-confident and attack
US entrenched positions.
Brits are pummeled. Jackson
a hero
But, battle two weeks after
peace treaty
The Treaty Of Ghent
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1814, US peace delegation headed by John
Quincy Adams.
British have strong bargaining position originally.
Why?
Ask for harsh peace terms?
Then, Brits lose in New York and Baltimore, and
are more reasonable.
Treaty of Ghent.
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stop fighting and to restore conquered territory.
No mention of the American grievances.
War essentially a draw
The Hartford Convention
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Federalists and New England strongly oppose the war.
Blue Light Federalists
Hartford Convention (1814)—Most notable
manifestation of New England discontent
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Mass, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire and Vermont
sent delegates
Some discussion of secession, but report much less radical
Demands?
Convention issues its report just before Jackson wins at New
Orleans and peace treaty is announced.
Makes them look foolish, and contributes to the further decline of
Federalist Party.
Results of the War of 1812
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Small War and insignificant in military terms.
But, important positive consequences for the US
 List
Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)
End of War of 1812 is a major break-point in US
History. End of involvement in Europe for next
100 year.
America looks inward
New Nationalism
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Most important by-product of War of
1812 was heightened nationalism
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New national literature
New Pride in things produced by
Americans.
Changed Finance-- Revived Bank of the
U.S. was approved by Congress.
A new national capital was built in
Washington.
Army was expanded to 10,000 men and
reliance on militia was discredited
Navy grew
The American System
America still relied heavily on Brit. Trade;
American industry still weak.
 Brits dumping cheap products on US.
 Trans-Appalachian region only weakly tied
to east.
 Tariff of 1816
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 Significance?
THE AMERICAN SYSTEM
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Henry Clay proposes the
American System to strengthen
America Economically.
Three Parts
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Congress passes the first two
parts, but President Monroe
vetoes the money for roads and
canals.
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Bank of the US
Protective Tariffs
Roads and Canals built by National
Government to tie together East and
West.
WHY?
Ultimately many of the roads and
canals are built by the states
James Monroe
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James Monroe (5th President)
elected president in 1816.
Last of the Virginia dynasty
Least distinguished on the first 8
presidents
Last election in which Federalists
ran a candidate.
Fought in the revolution,
Va. assembly,
Continental Congress,
Minister to France,
negotiated Louisiana Purchase.
Monrovia in Africa named for him.
Era Of Good Feelings
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Term arose to describe
Monroe’s first term.
Reflects to sense of
nationalism and recent
“victory” in War of 1812.
Something of a
misnomer, and shortlived, because plenty of
divisive issues during
this period.
The Panic Of 1819
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Deflation, bankruptcies,
bank failures,
unemployment.
First depression.
Cycle of boom and bust.
Business cycle:
Prosperity; overspeculation; collapse;
depression; recovery
Causes of the Panic of
1819
Who did it hit hardest?
Who did the west blame?
Growing Pains Of The West
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Between 1791 and 1819 nine frontier states had
joined the original 13
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(Louisiana, 1812; Indiana, 1816; Mississippi, 1817;
Illinois, 1818; Alabama, 1819)
Admitted alternately, free or slave
Reasons for growing westward expansion?
West nevertheless weak politically and
economically frustrated.
Demands of Westerners?
Slavery And The Sectional Balance
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Slave and Free states equal at 11 each.
North’s advantage?
Power in House v. Power in Senate.
Why South fears new “free” states.
Missouri: first state from the La. Purchase to
seek admission.
Tallmadge Amendment
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What it said
What happened to it
Impact on politics
Missouri Compromise
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Missouri Compromise - 1820
Henry Clay (Great Compromiser) plays a key
role
Terms:
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Missouri in as slave state
 Maine carved from mass and in as free state
 Future states from La. Purchase north of 36’ 30’
come in free
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Set the precedent that Congress could control
slave status in states as a condition of
admission.
Missouri Compromise
John Marshall And Judicial
Nationalism
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Power of national government reinforced by a series of
decisions by the Supreme Court under John Marshall.
McCulloch v Maryland: Confirms broad reading of
Nec. and Proper Clause
Cohens v. Virginia: Right of US Sup. Ct. to review
state court decisions involving powers of federal
government
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): Only Congress can control
interstate commerce
Fletcher v. Peck (1810): Constitution forbids state laws
“impairing” contracts
Dartmouth College v Woodward (1819):
Treaty of 1818
Settled outstanding issues with England
 Terms:
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 Permitted
Americans to share the coveted
Newfoundland fisheries with Canada
 Fixed the northern limits of Louisiana
Purchase.
 Provided for a 10-year joint occupation of the
Oregon country.
The Convention of 1818
Acquiring Florida
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American’s want Florida
Florida haven for Indians
and ruffians raiding across
the border into Georgia.
Andrew Jackson’s mission.
Andrew Jackson’s
instructions
Jackson runs amok
Spanish afraid US will take
it by force, so agree to sell.
Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819
Spain ceded Florida as well as Spanish
claims to Oregon
 US agreed to abandon claims to Texas.
 Solidified the South and Western border of
the Louisiana purchase
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Changes in US
Territory as a result
of treaties in 1818
and 1819
Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819
Monroe Doctrine
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European actions toward Latin
America.
Americans alarmed. Reasons.
Concerns over Russia
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
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Noncolonization —No new
colonization by Europeans in
Western Hemisphere.
Nonintervention — told European
monarchs to keep their noses out
of Americas. This was America’s
area to deal with.
Monroe Doctrine
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European reaction.
Latin American reaction
Enforceablity
Expression of
Nationalism and
Isolationism.
No real diplomatic affect
for another 70 years.