The Second War for Independence and Upsurge in Nationalism

1812-1824

Causes of the War of 1812

 Cry of the “war hawks” over:    British arming of Indians Impressment Orders in Council  Search and seizure by British  Confiscation of American cargos  *Demonstration of viability of American nationhood/democracy

Waging War

    Congress declares war June 1812 Canada/Great Lakes – Oliver Hazard Perry – Thomas MacDonough Burning of Washington – August 1814 – Battle of Bladensburg – Public buildings, Capitol, White House Fort McHenry (Baltimore) – Sept. 1814 – Star Spangled Banner

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Battle of New Orleans

– Andrew Jackson  Becomes a national _________ – American victory   Shocking win: 2000-70 Win comes _____________________ – Outpouring of self confidence and ______________ – Final ___________________

The Treaty of Ghent

   Ghent, Belgium – Mediated by Tsar Alexander I of _________ – Talks go nowhere, become a stalemate British give in – Dec 24, 1814 ___________________ Results: – No mention of initial – grievances – Return to the status quo So who won?

Federalist Grievances at the Hartford Convention

 New England/ Federalist opposition to the war – Why were they so opposed to this war?

 Opposition to Napoleon/_________  Potential annexation of Canada could mean __________________ – “Blue _______” Federalists, Talks of secession, separate peace with Britain Not an early 19 th blue light.

century

 Hartford Convention – Federalist meeting – Declining power – Delegates from MA, RI, CT, NH, VT – Demands/Changes desired:       __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ – Results: ___________________

Outcomes of the War

    6,000 casualties Relatively insignificant globally But for the US: – 1) gained military prestige – 2) Discredited sectionalism – 3) Bolstering of nationalism – 4) Death of Federalist party – 5) Emergence of war heroes – 6) Manufacturing strengthened Focus turns to the West/expansion

Emergence of Nationalism

    Literary recognition – Washington Irving ___________________ – James Fenimore Cooper _______________ – North American Review (1815) - __________ Expansion of the Bank of the U.S.

A rebuilt capital Naval confidence Second Barbary War victory (1815) – Stephen Decatur Irving Cooper

The American System

    Manufacturing growth in U.S. occurred.

Britain’s surpluses

Tariff of 1816

– First tariff designed primarily for ___________ – 20 to 25 percent – Tone setting tariff How can we capitalize on this growth?

Henry Clay Promoter of the American System

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The American System

– The system had three main parts

1) Strong banking system for easy and abundant credit 2) High protective tariffs 3) Network of roads and canals (funded___)

– Purpose: A plan to strengthen and unify the nation economically and politically. Stimulate manufacturing and trade.

– Opposition:  Madison  New England

The Era of Good Feelings

 Election of 1816 – James Monroe (Rep) – Rufus (…yes Rufus…) King (Fed) – Monroe wins, 183-34  Why the EGF?

– Nationalism is high – One political party – Relative prosperity early  Or was it an EGF? ______________________

Panic of 1819 and Hard Times

    1 st financial panic since GW – Deflation, depression, bankruptcies Major issue: Foreclosures on mortgages issued by western banks – Land speculating Debtors imprisoned – State laws begin to ban this process Jacksonian Democracy is born – Poor suffered most

Growing Pains of the West

   1791-1819, nine states added Slavery/sectional balance effort Why such growth?

– 1) Cheap land (crush of the Indians by ___________ and ___________ opens land) – 2) Exhausted eastern _____ – 3) Advances in ___________   Highways (ex: Cumberland Road) Steamboat/upstream travel – Robert Fulton’s Clermont , 1807

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Land Act of 1820

– Lowered price of land, ________an acre for a minimum of ____ acres – Spurred settlement of Northwest and Missouri territories

Slavery and the Sectional Balance

    Sectional tensions resume Missouri's 1819 statehood petition – First ___________________

Tallmadge amendment

– Aimed at the “peculiar

____________”

– Passed the House, defeated in senate Alarming to southerners – Why? _____________________

Missouri Compromise

   Henry Clay, “The Great Compromiser” Components: – Missouri enters as slave state – Maine enters as free state – No future slave north of 36° 30’ – Maintained balance at 12 12.

Election of 1820: Monroe takes all electoral votes but one that went to JQ Adams

John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism

 McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) – Maryland tries to tax a branch of the Bank of the U.S.

– Marshall rules against Maryland – Ultimately affirmed the constitutionality of the bank citing “implied powers” (Hamilton) – Affirmation of loose construction for the benefit of the people

 Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) – NY state giving monopoly to interstate ferry service, shot down – Gave Congress sole power of control over interstate commerce

Cases limiting “democratic excess”

  Fletcher v. Peck (1810) – GA – Protected property rights against popular pressures – Asserted right of SC to invalidate state laws in conflict with the Constitution Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) – NH – Protected corporations (and contracts) from domination by state legislatures

Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida

The Menace of Monarchy in America

 Suppression of democracy abroad  Birth of Latin American republics  Fear of it’s spread into the Western Hemisphere

The Monroe Doctrine, 1823

     British approach U.S. for joint statement, Monroe does it, goes it alone Will play major role in future foreign policy issues (much later) Two main features: – 1)non-colonization – 2)non-interference To protect L.A. republics OR U.S. self-interest?

Largely expression of post-war nationalism

The Rise of Mass Democracy

1824-1840 Chapter 13

Introduction:

 So-called “Era of Good Feelings” – Panic of 1819 – Missouri Compromise  Renewed sectionalism and renewed fervor of democracy  1824 JQA  1828 – Democratic Party is born  1830s – Whig Party