Transcript Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism

Second War for Independence and
the Upsurge of Nationalism
1812-1824
Chapter 12
I. On to Canada over Land and Lakes

War of 1812 was divisive


No national support
Unimpressive military outcome
After the War
 Came out of the war with a spirit of
nationalism
 Led to rise in manufacturing, increased power
of the federal government, development of
infrastructure
 American financial interests turned away from
commerce and toward manufacturing
I. On to Canada over Land and Lakes






1812- American army poorly trained,
poorly led
Canada seen as important
battleground
British weakest there, base for
operations to agitate Indians
American plan to attack Canada was
defeated
1812-1813- American success on
water, Oliver Hazard Perry on the
Great Lakes, caused British to
withdraw from forts on the Great
Lakes
USS Constitution, manned by free
sailors defeats British on the ocean
I. On to Canada over Land and Lakes






1814- Wars against Napoleon end in
Europe, British send troops to Americas
American victory at Lake Champlain,
saved upper NY and NE
Second British force lands in Chesapeake
Bay, march to Washington and burn it
down, Americans hold firm at Baltimore
(inspiration for Star Spangled Banner)
1815- Major blow at New Orleans,
Americans led by Andrew Jackson defeat
British
Battle of New Orleans makes Jackson a
national hero, seen as a symbol of
national honor
Battle fought after peace treaty signed
II. Treaty of Ghent







Negotiations set in motion by Tsar of Russia
Met in Ghent, Belgium
Led by John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay
War weariness of British made them more
willing to compromise
Signed on Christmas Eve 1814
Both sides agreed to stop fighting, restore
conquered territory
Immediate result of the War of 1812-neither
side won
III. Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention






New England remained a problem after the war
Minority wanted secession, mostly federalist
1814- Hartford Convention, New England states meet
in complete secrecy to discuss grievances, seek to right
wrongs
Final report not extreme, wanted financial assistance for
lost trade, wanted 2/3 vote to declare war admit new
states
Reflection of lost power of once dominant New England
Grievances dismissed in Washington, last gasp of
Federalist Party
IV. The Second War for American Independence










War of 1812 small war (6,000 killed or wounded)
Globally unimportant, huge consequences for United States
Showed American resolve to resist what they regarded as
wrongs
New respect abroad, America was here to stay
Reduced sectionalism, led to an upsurge of nationalism across
country
New heroes (Jackson, Harrison)
Indians had no British allies, gave up huge areas of land
Manufacturing began to grow because of war, less dependent
on British
1817- Rush-Bagot Treaty limited naval armament on the Great
Lakes, solved American and British disputes over Oregon
Americans began to turn their back on Europe and develop their
own country
V. Nascent Nationalism




After war America emerged more
united
National literature (James
Fennimore Cooper, Washington
Irving) using American themes,
scenes (heroic isolation of main
character, supernatural themes)
American painters celebrated
nature, man was small in the
paintings
Revived Bank of the United States,
building of a new capital,
expansion of the army and navy all
demonstrated new nationalism
VI. The American System





Manufacturing, factories grew
during the war
After war British try to dump
goods on America
Congress passes Tariff of 1816
(20-25% added value on
products)
Started trend toward more
protection of American products
Henry Clay, senator from KY,
comes up with “American
System”
VI. The American System

1.
2.
3.




Three main parts:
Strong banking system, allow credit for
business’
Protective tariff, stimulate manufacturing
Building of roads and canals, bring
country together, economically and
politically
Had strong support, mainly out west
(few roads)
Hard to get money, funds were
unconstitutional (1817)
Individual states fund improvements
(Erie Canal)
NE did not support federal funds going
to infrastructure, drain away population
VII. The So-Called Era of Good Feelings







1816- James Monroe becomes
president (part of the Virginia Dynasty)
Republican
Level headed executive, took goodwill
tour of US (1817)
Issues of his presidency- tariffs, banks,
sale of public lands, sectional divides
Geographic, economic expansion gave
Americans a sense of nationalism
Monroe’s two terms called Era of Good
Feelings (lasted through early 1820’s)
because of growing nationalism, limited
political opposition
Was it really?
VIII. The Panic of 1819 and the Curse of Hard Times








1819- first financial panic (deflation,
depression, bankruptcies, bank failures,
unemployment)
Get rich quick fever caused by over
speculation in frontier lands
West hardest hit
Collapse in cotton prices, land values
Speculative banks (wildcat banks) were
forced by Bank of US to close, easy
unregulated credit
Bank became a financial devil (to south and
west)
Effected poorer classes
Led to reform legislation for debtors
IX. Growing Pains of the West
1791-1819 nine frontier states joined 13
original states

Most entered alternately slave and free
Appeal for western movement

Cheap land (appeal to European
immigrants)

Land exhaustion in tobacco states

Speculators sold land for small down
payments

Removal of Indians

Building of new roads

Steamboat made river travel easier

Land Act 1820 made land cheap
(minimum 1.25 per acre)

West had to ally with other sections
because lack of population, influence

X. Slavery and the Sectional Balance









Sectional tension around slavery grew in this period
1819 Missouri wants admission as a slave state
Tallmadge Amendment stipulated no more slaves in Missouri,
gradual emancipation of slaves already there
Slaveholding states angry, saw amendment as threat to sectional
balance
Even in 11 slave, 11 free states, admission would cause imbalance
Future of slave system seen as endangered if amendment passed
If Congress could abolish slavery would it do so in all states?
Moral question raised about evils of slavery
Abolitionist did not want spread of slavery
XI. The Uneasy Missouri Compromise








1820 bundle of compromises to solve
Missouri question
Henry Clay played a leading role
Missouri admitted as a slave state,
Maine admitted as a free state (kept
balance)
Slavery not permitted north of 36
degrees 30’ north (southern
boundary of Missouri)
Both sides received something, seen
as a victory for the south at the time
“Great American Desert” seen as not
suitable for slavery
Most southern Congressmen voted
against compromise
Preserved compact of states, for the
time being
XII. John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism






Nationalism reflected by Supreme Court
Decisions bolstered power of federal government, at the
expense of the states
McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819)- used principle of
implied powers to determine states did not have right to
tax Bank of US
Loose construction interpretation permitted government
to act for benefit of people
Cohens vs. Virginia (1821)- Supreme Court could
review decisions of state courts
Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824)- Constitution said federal
government only could control commerce, not states
XIII. Judicial Dikes Against Democratic Excesses





Another group of decisions protected property
rights
Fletcher vs. Peck- bolstered power of federal
government saying states could not limit
property contracts, upheld right of Supreme
Court to invalidate state laws that conflicted
with constitution
Dartmouth College vs. Woodward- contracts
protected against state laws, chartered
corporations part of federal control (justified by
Commerce clause in const.)
Daniel Webster (Senator from Mass.) strong
federalist, nationalist argued many times before
Supreme Court
Supreme Court upheld power of national
government, checked excesses of states
XIV. Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida






Nationalism shaped foreign
policy
John Quincy Adams (Sec. Of
State)
Treaty of 1818 with Britain
gave US fishing rights off
coast of Newfoundland
Fixed northern boundary of
Louisiana
10 year joint occupation of
Oregon
Sign of new cooperation
between British and US
XIV. Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida






Florida part of crumbling Spanish
Empire, Americans already claimed
West Fla
Latin American revolutions 18161818, cause region to loose troops
Andrew Jackson enters region to
capture slaves, punish Indians
1818 Jackson conquers Fla, claims
it for US
Many in D.C. think Jackson has
overstepped his power, except
Adams
Adams-Onis Treaty 1819 gives FL
to US, US abandons claim to Texas,
fixes southern boundary of LA
XV. The Menace of Monarchy in America






After Napoleon Europe returned to strong
monarchies
Alarmed Americans
Russia pushed south out of Alaska
Latin American revolutions crushed by European
powers
British and Americans had benefitted from open
trade with these countries
British ask Americans to declare joint resolution
renouncing European powers from interfering
with Latin America
XVI. Monroe and His Doctrine






1.
2.

Adams did not trust British, did not
want to tie America’s hands
Alliance would hinder American
expansion
Figured British navy would keep
ports open in L.A.
1823 Adams starts planning
Monroe Doctrine with president
Delivered in annual message to
Congress
2 goals
Non colonization
Non intervention
Era of colonization was over, keep
what they had but could not
acquire more
XVII. Monroe’s Doctrine Appraised







Hard to enforce because of small military
Made little difference to Latin American Republics
Primarily defending itself from future invasion, looking
out for American self preservation
Did not become important until 1845 (Mexican War)
Never law, just a statement of policy
Expression of new American nationalism
Deepened American isolationism, warned Old World to
stay away