The 2

nd

War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism

Chapter 12

Essential Question?

• What were the causes and results of the War of 1812?

Madison’s 2

nd

Term Timeline

• 1810: Fletcher v. Peck • 1812: War of 1812 begin – Invasions of Canada • 1814: UK burns Washington DC – Treaty of Ghent – Hartford Convention (1814-15) • 1815: Battle of New Orleans • 1816: 2 nd Bank of US Founded

James Madison – 4

th

President

On to Canada over Land and Lakes

• US invades Canada: – To gain land – Stop supply of weapons to Indians – UK military weak there • Problems for US – US military weak – Unorganized • 1 in 6 US sailors a free black • 1814: Napoleon defeated, UK can concentrate on fighting US • US Navy defends NY, but army loses many battles

3 U. S. Invasions of 1812

Campaigns of 1813

Washington Burned and New Orleans Defended

• 1814: UK enters Chesapeake, embarrasses US army, burns Washington DC.

• Baltimore: Ft. McHenry defended, Francis S. Key writes “The Star Spangled Banner” • Gen. Andrew Jackson scrounges together pirates, free blacks, sailors defended New Orleans in January 1815 • Made Jackson a national hero.

Battle of Fort McHenry, 1814 Oh Say Can You See By the Dawn’s Early Light… - Francis Scott Key

The Battle of New Orleans January 8, 1815

The Treaty of Ghent

• Ghent, Belgium in 1814 • US delegation lead by John Q. Adams • UK still worried about France wanted out of war with US • ToG really an armistice, did not address impressments or Indian resistance • No land changed hands

Treaty of Ghent December 24, 1814

Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention

• New England states against the war • Profited by aiding UK • Hartford Convention: secret meetings of NE states to discuss secession from US (1814-15) • Nation called NE treasonous • Death of the Federalist Party • Demands: – End 3/5ths Clause – New rules in Congress for declaring war, embargos, and admitting new states – Limit president to 1 term – No back-to-back presidents from same state

The 2

nd

War for American Independence

• War of 1812 globally unimportant, but huge for US • US proved it was a sovereign nation, and could defend itself.

• Sectionalism proved worthless • New Heroes: Jackson, William H. Harrison • Roots of US manufacturing • Canada felt betrayed by UK • US-Canada relations eventually strengthen • US becomes

isolationist

• Indians weak without UK backing

Nationalism

• Nationalism spreads through nation after 1812 • Famous authors – Washington Irvin – James F. Cooper: Last of the Mohicans • 2 nd Bank of the US chartered, 1816

The American System

• Post-War: UK merchants take advantage of no tariffs, undercut US manufacturers • Tariff of 1816: 1 st protective tariff • Erie Canal completed in 1825

The American System Henry Clay, “The Great Compromiser”



Tariff of 1816



Second Bank of the U. S.



Internal improvements at federal expense.

National Road

The American System



WEST



got roads, canals, and federal aide.



EAST



got the backing of protective tariffs from the West.



SOUTH



??

The So Called Era of Good Feelings

• 1816: James Monroe elected 5 th president – Virginia Dynasty: 4 of 1 st 5 presidents from Virginia • Called Era of Good Feelings because there was only 1 political party (Democratic-Republicans) • Straddled the generation between revolution and intense nationalism.

The Election of 1816

James Monroe Timeline

• 1816: Monroe elected • 1818: Treaty of 1818 with UK – Jackson invades Florida • 1819: Panic of 1819 – Spain cedes Florida – McCulloch v. Maryland – Dartmouth v. Woodward • 1820: Missouri

Compromise

– Missouri and Maine become states – Land Act of 1820 – Monroe reelected • 1823: Monroe

Doctrine

• 1824: Gibbons v.

Ogden

• 1825: Erie Canal

James Monroe [1816-1824]

The Panic of 1819 and the Curse of Hard Times

• Panic of 1819: Caused by over speculation of western lands.

• Results: deflation, depression, bankruptcies, unemployment, debtor’s prison • Hurt western states/territories hardest • Laid ground work for Jacksonian

Democracy

Growing Pains of the West

• Admitted as alternating between free and slave states to maintain congressional balance.

• Land in west was cheap, people moved there for many reasons: – Depleted tobacco/ cotton lands in south – Immigrants couldn’t afford eastern land – Indian threat removed by War of 1812 – Roads connected west to north – Steamboats go into use (1811)

Slavery and Sectional Balance

• 1819 saw Missouri ready for statehood, but land was ideal for slave labor • North tried to pass the Tallmadge Amendment: next slide!

• North had an advantage in the House, but south was even in Senate • South worried that a northern advantage could mean the end of slavery

The Tallmadge Amendment



All slaves born in Missouri after the territory became a state would be freed at the age of 25.



Passed by the House, not in the Senate.



The North controlled the House, and the South had enough power to block it in the Senate.

The Uneasy Missouri Compromise

• Missouri (slave) and Maine (free) were admitted to the union • All future states carved from the

Louisiana

Purchase must be free if they existed above the 36 30’ parallel • North mad with another slave state, South mad about no slavery in other territories • 1 st time morality of slavery becomes a major issue • Monroe reelected in 1820

The Election of 1820

John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism

• Marshall Court expanded federal power • McCulloch v. Maryland: Maryland challenged authority of Bank of US. Marshall said bank was constitutional based on implied

powers.

• Cohens v. Virginia: Supreme Court overrule state Supreme Court for 1 st time • Gibbons v. Ogden: Supreme Court upheld federal authority over interstate commerce.

Judicial Dikes Against Democratic Excesses

• Fletcher v. Peck: Earliest case of Supreme Court overruling state law.

• Dartmouth College v. Woodward: Set standard for protection of corporations.

– Dartmouth was chartered by UK before revolution.

– Supreme Court said NH had to recognize charter.

– Dartmouth defended by Senator Daniel Webster

Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida

• Treaty of 1818 with

UK:

– US fishing rights off Newfoundland – Fixed border of western US and Canada at 49 th parallel – US and UK would jointly occupy the Oregon Country for 10 years • 1810 and 1812 the US seized West Florida • Spain was busy fighting revolutions in South America • Andrew Jackson got federal permission to invade Florida to crush the rebel Seminole Indians and capture runaway slaves (1818) • Spain ceded Florida in 1819

Jackson’s Florida Campaigns

The Menace of Monarchy in America

• Revolutions in Latin America worried European kings.

• Kings plotted to mount a joint effort to retake Latin America • Russia began establishing trading posts in modern California • UK approached US about joint protection of Latin America

Monroe and His Doctrine

• US weary about alliance with UK • US knew that UK was dependent on Latin American trade, and would fight off European nations with or without a US alliance • Monroe Doctrine: aimed at Europe – No new European colonies in Americas – Europe should not interfere with Americas

Monroe’s Doctrine Appraised

• European powers shocked by

Monroe Doctrine

• Not really important until mid-1800s • Russia agreed to the Russo- American Treaty: drew Russian territory at southern tip of modern Alaska • Never seriously challenged or upheld • Added to US isolationist ideals

Essential Question?

• What were the causes and results of the War of 1812?