Transcript Slide 1
Second War for Independence Upsurge of Nationalism 1812-1824 James Madison 1808-1816 James Monroe 1816-1824 CHAPTER 12 P. 233-254 DVDs America: The Story of US Disc 1 Westward Daniel Boone Division The Erie Canal The Presidents: Washington to Monroe James Madison James Monroe James Madison 1809-1817 Author of the Virginia Plan Father of the Constitution Author of The Federalist Papers Secretary of State for Thomas Jefferson First president to ask Congress for a Declaration of war Presidency crippled by factions War hawks in Congress Henry Clay (KY) War of 1812 Mr. Madison’s War Not a great president Election of 1812 War of 1812 JAMES MADISON 1809-1817 Napoleon’s Europe Nine World Wars Dates In Europe In America 1688-1697 War of the League of Augsburg King William’s War 1689-1697 1701-1713 War of Spanish Succession Queen Anne’s War 1702-1713 1740-1748 War of Austrian Succession King George’s War 1744-1748 1756-1763 Seven Years’ War French and Indian War 1754-1763 1778-1783 War of the American Revolution American Revolution 1775-1783 1793-1802 Wars of the French Revolution Undeclared French War 1798-1800 1803-1815 Napoleonic Wars War of 1812 1812-1814 1914-1918 World War I World War I 1917-1918 1939-1945 World War II World War II 1941-1945 British, the French & U.S. Shipping Napoleonic Wars 1803-1814 British Orders in Council 1806 Blockaded all French and French controlled ports French Continental System Seizure of any ship that came from or stopped in a British port U.S. merchants ships could not enter European ports Jefferson’s Response—Embargo Act 1807 Prohibited all international shipping Jefferson overestimated European dependence on American products Ruinous to the American economy and tarnished Jefferson’s presidency Background War of 1812 Two Major Causes Neutrality and maritime rights 1. Shipping problem left over from Jefferson Solution Non-Intercourse Act 1809 Opened up American trade with all countries except Britain and France Macon’s Bill #2 1810 Opened up with either Great Britain or France but not both France came forward first Offered to help secure American shipping British began Seizing our ships on the open seas Impressing our sailors • Impressments - forced enlistment in a foreign navy War hawks—clamored for war, many in congress Wanted free trade and sailors’ rights Won control of Congress in 1811 Speaker of the House Henry Clay (KY) Henry Clay Manning the Navy English engraving showing the impressment of American sailors Impressment of sailors into the British navy from American ships was a major cause of the War of 1812 Background War of 1812 Two Major Causes 2. Frontier problems Northwest settlers (around the Great Lakes) faced armed resistance from the Native Americans Americans were convinced that the Native Americans were getting guns and supplies from the British War Hawks called for war against the British in retaliation for the Indian attacks Battle of Tippecanoe 1811 General William Henry Harrison Governor Indiana Territory Gathered an army, defeated and burned Tecumseh’s headquarters, (Shawnee Indian chief) “War Hawks” in the War of 1812 Henry Clay, KY John C. Calhoun, SC Felix Gundy, TN War of 1812: American Opinion Federalists Democratic Republicans Wanted to Opposition to war New England merchants believed French were as much to blame as the British Needed good relations with the British for trading Mr. Madison’s War Advance against the British and Take Canada Thought the British would be too occupied in Europe to fight back Advance into Canada failed War of 1812-1814 War declaration June 1812 Close vote 79-49 House 19-13 Senate Shows dangerous degree of disunity Reasons for War Neutrality and maritime rights 1. Freedom of the seas Retaliation for impressments and seizure of ships Frontier problems 2. Native Americans and British raids along frontier Major Campaigns of the War of 1812 Land war centered on • U.S.-Canadian border • Chesapeake Bay • Louisiana and Mississippi Territories War on the Sea August, 1812—USS Essex sunk the British Alert with one broadside shot Off New York 1812 Captain Isaac Hull’s USS Constitution destroyed the British Guerrière When the men of the Constitution saw enemy cannonballs bounce from its heavy oak planks, they dubbed their ship, “Old Ironsides” a nickname the famous fighting ship bears to this day Despite early victories at sea, by the end of 1813 the British had created a complete blockade of American ports U.S.S. Constitution • Heavy frigate • Wooden hulled • Three-masted • Named by George Washington • Oldest commissioned ship in the world • Launched in 1797 • Battle with the Guerrière • Earned her the nickname • Old Ironsides • Home is Boston U.S.S. Constitution vs. Guerrière 1812 Heavily outweighed and outgunned, the British captain of the Guerrière (foolishly) sought combat. His ship was totally destroyed by the Constitution. Historian Henry Adams said this duel “raised the United States in one half hour to the rank of a firstclass power in the world.” War along Canadian Border Control of the Great Lakes was vital to an American victory in Canada Americans pursued a three pronged attack on Canada by attacking the British by land Detroit, Niagara, and Lake Champlain All three invasions failed Battle of Lake Erie September, 1813 Captain Oliver Hazard Perry naval victory over the British Battle of Plattsburg September 11, 1814 Captain Thomas Mac Donough naval victory on Lake Champlain stopped a British invasion of New York War in the West Battle of the Thames October 5, 1813 William Henry Harrison defeated the British at the Thames River and killed Tecumseh The death of Tecumseh was significant because it forced the Indians to give up their dream of creating a confederacy south of the Great Lakes War on Land Napoleon 1814 exiled British were able to deploy a significant number of troops to the U.S. August 1814 British deployed a 4,000 troops to the U.S. Landed at the Chesapeake Bay Marched to Washington Set fire to the Capitol and Executive Mansion Battle of Fort McHenry Sept. 1814 In Baltimore Harbor British Fleet attacked America’s fort U.S. victory in that the Americans held off an invasion of the fort Francis Scott Key British prisoner of war Wrote the Battle of Fort McHenry The Star Spangled Banner Battle of Fort McHenry 1814 Inspiration for Francis Scott Key Star Spangled Banner Burning of Washington • British attack on Washington, D.C. • Major setback during the War of 1812 British Sacking Washington, 1814 • Thinking that the British would attack Baltimore • Government failed to provide an adequate defense of Washington • August 25 British entered Washington unopposed • "for the barbarous purpose of destroying the city" confessed a British officer • After setting much of the city ablaze, the British withdrew on August 26 and • President Madison returned the following day The White House During the War of 1812, the original White House (pictured) was destroyed by British troops Dolley Madison Saving Declaration of Independence Madison's wife Dolley was famous for saving important government papers and a portrait of George Washington before the White House burned. Dolley Madison saved this portrait of George Washington before leaving the White House War in the West Battle of New Orleans January 1815 Late in 1814 the British began their attack on the port of New Orleans Secured entire Mississippi Valley General Andrew Jackson Defended the city American victory 2,000 British were killed Only 70 Americans Most significant British loss Occurred two weeks after the Treaty at Ghent was signed Andrew Jackson hailed a hero General Andrew Jackson Jackson at the Battle of New Orleans artist unknown • Last campaign of the War of 1812 • Andrew Jackson's troops • Army regulars • Tennessee and Kentucky volunteers and • Two companies of African American volunteers from New Orleans • Held off the better-trained British troops in January of 1815 • Made Andrew Jackson a national hero The Southeast 1810-1819 War of 1812 War of 1812 Hartford Convention April 1814 Defiant New England MA, CT, RI, NH, VT Met in secrecy for three weeks Talked of secession Went to DC with demands for changes in the Constitution Wanted 2/3 vote in Congress to enact An embargo Admit new states or Declare war Results End of Federalist Party 1816 Last time they nominate a presidential candidate (Rufus King) Stench of treason Fateful doctrine of disunity Talk of nullification and secession Hartford Convention and Nullification Two most damaging acts of nullification prior to the events leading up to Civil War Flouting Jeffersonian embargo Crippling the war effort New England and the Federalists Blazed a fateful trail Treaty of Ghent 1814 European distress brought American success Russian Tsar Alexander I Proposed mediation between Great Britain and U.S. Russia did not want the British military to be distracted from defeating Napoleon by fighting with the U.S. TREATY—December 24, 1814 Ended the war British and the Americans agreed to armistice Stop fighting Restored to one another any conquered territory Results of the War of 1812 @ 6,000 Americans dead or wounded American economy was worse off than before the war Andrew Jackson—a war hero William Henry Harrison—a war hero Federalist party died out “Second War for Independence” British no longer a threat U.S. gained worldwide respect Manufacturing prospered Star Spangled Banner—national anthem Folly of sectional disunity Heightened sense of nationalism May not have fought the war as one, but Emerged as one nation General Andrew Jackson Dolley Madison by Gilbert Stuart, 1804 • Attractive young wife of Secretary of State James Madison • Acted virtually as the nation's First Lady during the administration of Jefferson, a widower. • Friendly, tactful, and blessed with an unfailing memory for names and events • She added to her reputation as an elegant hostess after her husband became president An elder Dolley Madison Passed away in Washington, D.C. in 1849 at the age of 81 James Madison Retired from the presidency to his estate, Montpelier in Virginia. He died peacefully on June 28, 1836 at the age of 85. Montpelier Madison’s home in Virginia Birth of a Nationalist Spirit LITERATURE A Changed Mood—A Nationalistic Spirit Birth of a distinctly national literature Washington Irving Legend of Sleepy Hollow James Fenimore Cooper Last of the Mohicans Revived the Bank of the United States 1816 New capital built Expanded the army to 10,000 Glory to U.S. Navy 1815 Defeated Barbary pirates off the coast of North Africa Steven Decatur—hero American System Era of Good Feeling JAMES MONROE 1817-1825 James Monroe 1817-1825 Straddled two generations Last of the revolutionary generation A nationalist Era of Good Feeling Good Will Tour of the country Still times were troubled Sectionalism North South West Issues that caused discontent Tariff Bank Internal improvements Sale of public lands Slavery Admission of states Election of 1816 James Monroe Democratic-Republican Advantage in winning the nomination against a divided opposition Favorite candidate of Jefferson and Madison Won the electoral college by 183 to 34 Rufus King Federalist, New York Federalist Party Discredited by its opposition to the war Election 1816 American System 1824 After War of 1812 Americans wanted to reduce U.S. reliance on European manufactured products Advocated by Henry Clay Benefits Prosperity to all sections of the country Strengthen national unity Independent of the outside world Henry Clay American System Strong banking system Provide money for businessmen who required secure funding for future business operations Easy and abundant credit Protective tariff Stimulate American manufacturing and enlarge the home market for agricultural products from the south and the west Tariff 1816 First tariff in American history instituted primarily for protection Eastern manufacturing would flourish Network of roads and canals Funded by the tariff, internal improvements would encourage commerce by improving transportation between states Especially the Ohio Valley Internal Improvements Transportation Revolution 1800-1830 OHIO FEVER TURNPIKE CRAZE CUMBERLAND ROAD 1811 STEAMBOAT CRAZE CLERMONT 1807 ERIE CANAL 1817-1825 RAILROADS Transportation Revolution Roads Before and during the War of 1812 Private companies built toll roads 1811 Congress passed a plan for a National Road to link the eastern seaboard with the towns and cities of the growing West Railroads Problems encountered by those using transportation by roads and canals led to railroads Terminal cities grew in wealth and size Helped ship people to the Ohio Valley and the Great Lakes region where settlers farmed the land and the RRs brought their products to market Highways Turnpike craze Ohio Fever National/Cumberland Road 1811-1852 Cumberland, Maryland to Vandalia, Illinois 1811 federal government began construction War of 1812 interrupted construction Combination of state and federal money completed the road Cumberland/National Road and Main Connections Daniel Boone Escorting Settlers Through the Cumberland Gap by George Caleb Bingham Bingham's is the best known of the many prints and paintings depicting this singular moment in colonial westward expansion. Transportation Revolution Steamboats Steam powered transportation reduced freight and passenger rates which added to westward expansion Canals Connected natural waterways allowing tons of cargo to be pulled by the same number of horses that it took to carry a significantly smaller load on roads Steamboats Madison vetoed Congress’ $ 1.5 million for internal improvements as unconstitutional States pay for construction Opened the west and the south Steamboat craze Robert Fulton’s Clermont 1807 Defied wind, wave, tide and downstream current Made America’s navigable streams two-way arteries 1811 first steamboat on western waters Mississippi River 1820—60 steamboats 1860—1,000 steamboats Erie Canal 1817-1825 Canal building craze Erie Canal 1817-1825 New Yorkers dug the canal Governor DeWitt Clinton Clinton’s Big Ditch Buffalo on Lake Erie to Albany on the Hudson River to New York Harbor Erie Canal and Main Branches Cost of the Erie Canal Eight years of digging Nearly 1,000 lives lost Cost $7 million ($100 million today) Miracle of engineering Connecting east and mid west An instant economic super highway $15 million of goods a year flow along the canal Villages along canal boom into dynamic cities Buffalo Syracuse Rochester Results of the Erie Canal Goods crash in price up to 95% Prosperity is on the move NYC becomes a boomtown Wall Street took off as a global financial center Quadrupled in size Surpassed New Orleans as nation’s number one port So much money around that the word The term millionaire was invented in 1840 Shapes New York today Empire State 80% of upstate population lives within 25 miles of Erie Canal Results of the Erie Canal Results New York—Empire State Cost of shipping decreased Time in transit decreased Value of land increased Profitability of farming in OH, MI, IN, IL attracted immigrants Growth of cities in the mid west Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago mighty cities Speeded up industrialization Continental market economy Contributed to manifest destiny Canals in 1840 Early Railroads Most significant contribution to the development of a continental economy Fast, reliable and cheaper to build than canals Defied terrain and weather 1828 First railroad in U.S. 1830 B & O Railroad opened Stretched from Baltimore to Wheeling, West Virginia on the Ohio River 1860 30,000 miles ¾ in the industrial North Railroad Revolution 1850-1860 Major Rivers Roads and Canals 1825-1860 Sectionalism Admission of States SLAVERY MISSOURI COMPROMISE 1820 Admission of New States 1791-1819 Nine frontier states join Alternately free then slave Preserve North-South sectional balance Especially in the Senate 14 1791 15 1792 16 1796 17 1803 18 1812 19 1816 20 1817 21 1818 22 1819 Vermont Kentucky Tennessee Ohio Louisiana Indiana Mississippi Illinois Alabama Admission of Missouri Missouri Compromise 1820 Missouri Requested admission to the Union as a slave state First state entirely west of the Mississippi to be carved out of the Louisiana Territory Caused a heated debate Abolitionists opposed admission of Missouri as a slave state Deadlock Henry Clay proposed a compromise Missouri Compromise Missouri entered as slave state Maine admitted as a free state Future Louisiana territory North of the 36˚ 30̕ parallel free South of the 36˚ 30̕ parallel slave Congress could forbid slavery in remaining territories Missouri Compromise 1820 Missouri Compromise and State of Union, 1820 • Worked out by House Speaker Henry Clay • Established a formula that avoided debate over whether new states would allow or prohibit slavery • Divided the United States into northern and southern regions. Results of Missouri Compromise 1820 Balance of free and slave states 12 free 12 slave Maintained for 15 years Preserved shaky compact of the states Lasted for 34 years Dispute over slavery heralded the future breakup of the Union Peculiar institution (slavery) Could not be swept under the rug Henry Clay The Great Compromiser Judicial Nationalism JOHN MARSHALL’S COURT 1801-1835 MC CULLOCH V. MARYLAND 1819 DARTMOUTH COLLEGE CASE 1819 GIBBONS V. OGDEN 1824 Judicial Nationalism Chief Justice John Marshall’s court 1801-1835 Decisions reflected the upsurge in nationalism Bolstered the power of the federal government at the expense of the states Examples McCulloch v. Maryland 1819 Dartmouth College Case 1819 Gibbons v. Ogden 1824 McCulloch v. Maryland 1819 Bank of the United States Maryland taxed the Bank Decision “Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the Constitution , an all means which are appropriate, which are plainly adapted to that end, which are not prohibited, but consist with the letter and spirit of the Constitution, are constitutional.” Results First Bank of the United States Loose construction Broad powers to Congress Blow to the states National supremacy Congress had the power to create the bank Necessary and proper clause Article I Section VIII Implied powers State cannot tax a federal agency (bank) “power to tax involves power to destroy” Chief Justice John Marshall Dartmouth College v. Woodward 1819 New Hampshire attempted to change Dartmouth College’s charter Daniel Webster Graduate of Dartmouth College Attorney for Dartmouth College Espoused the virtues of nationalism Challenged states’ rights in the Senate Challenged nullification Marshall’s Decision Original charter must stand; it is a contract Constitution protects contracts against state encroachment Article I Section X Result Safeguarded business enterprises from domination by the states’ governments Gibbons v. Ogden 1824 Steamboat case New York state granted a monopoly of waterborne Steamboat case commerce between New York and New Jersey to Ogden Decision Constitution conferred to Congress alone the control of interstate commerce Article I Section VIII Results Emancipation Proclamation of Commerce Defined commerce broadly Not just buying and selling goods, but transportation, communication, railroads, telegraph, gas, oil, travel, air Broad powers to congress Blow to states Chief Justice John Marshall Nationalism Chief Justice John Marshall Chief Justice John Marshall His sense of nationalism was the most enduring of the time Shaped the Constitution along conservative, centralizing lines Through him the conservative Hamiltonians partly triumphed from the tomb Daniel Webster (NH) Devotion to the Union was inflexible Espoused the virtues of nationalism 1837 “One country, one constitution, and one destiny.” Challenged states’ rights in the Senate Challenged nullification Daniel Webster John Marshall Chief Justice from 1801–1835 He posed for this portrait the year he joined the Court. The artist captured the power and strength with which Marshall would dominate the Court. Monroe’s Foreign Policy TREATY OF 1818 FLORIDA PURCHASE TREATY 1819 MONROE DOCTRINE 1823 RUSSO-AMERICAN TREATY 1824 Monroe’s Foreign Policy President James Monroe Nationalist James Monroe Nationalist Secretary of State John Quincy Adams One of the greatest Secretaries of State Oregon and Florida Treaty of 1818 Florida Purchase Treaty 1818 European intervention in the Americas Monroe Doctrine 1823 Secretary of State John Quincy Adams Treaty of 1818 Oregon Territory U. S. and Britain Terms Share the Newfoundland fisheries with Canada Established the northern limits of Louisiana Along the 49th parallel from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains Ten-year joint occupation of the Oregon country British Boundary Settlement 1818 Oregon Boundary Dispute • Although demanding Britain cede the entire Oregon Territory south of 54°40‘ • United States settled for a compromise at the 49th parallel The West and Northwest 1819-1824 Spanish Florida: Background War of 1812 Spanish allowed Britain to use Florida as a base to attack the U.S. Refuge for criminals and runaway slaves Seminole and Creek Indians Attacked southerners Fled back to Spanish Florida for safety 1818 President James Monroe Andrew Jackson and 3,000 U.S. troops to Florida Capture and punish criminals Keep order on the Florida border Strict orders not to attack anyone under the Spanish flag Jackson did not listen to his orders Captured St. Marks and Pensacola Hanged two British officers Deposed the Spanish governor of Florida Ultimatum to Spain prevent further attacks into the U.S. or cede Florida to the U.S. General Andrew Jackson Florida Purchase Treaty 1819 (Adams-Onis Treaty) • U.S. and Spain • TERMS • • • • • U.S. assumed the $ 5 million in claims by American citizens against Spain Spain ceded Florida to U.S. Spain gave up claims to Oregon U.S. gave up claims to Texas Established a southwest boundary for the Louisiana Purchase • Gulf of Mexico northwest to the 42nd parallel and west along that line to the Pacific • RESULTS • • Many wanted Jackson punished for exceeding orders Monroe listened to John Quincy Adams • Jackson: Governor of the Florida Territory Monroe Doctrine 1823 Background Fear that European powers would restore Spanish control over lost Argentina 1816 Venezuela 1817 Chile 1818 1821 Russia decreed its jurisdiction over present day British Columbia Russian trading posts as far south as the entrance to San Francisco Bay Britain approached U.S. about a joint declaration renouncing any interest in acquiring any Latin American territory Officials Creating Monroe Doctrine Monroe’s foreign policy called for an End of European expansion in the Western Hemisphere Monroe Doctrine 1823 John Quincy Adams wary of British Monroe and the U.S. should go it alone Monroe’s message to Congress The Doctrine Warned European powers Non-colonization • Western hemisphere is closed to future colonization Non-intervention • Europe must stay out of the affairs of the western hemisphere • U.S. would stay out of European affairs Russo-American Treaty 1824 U.S. and Russia Terms Fixed the southern most limits of Russia at the 54° 40‘—the present southern tip of the Alaska panhandle Effects Little effect at the time Expression of the nationalism after the War of 1812 Deepened the illusion of isolationism James Monroe by Gilbert Stuart