Transcript Slide 1
Second War for Independence
Upsurge of Nationalism 1812-1824
James Madison 1808-1816
James Monroe 1816-1824
CHAPTER 12
P. 233-254
DVDs
America: The Story of US
Disc 1
Westward
Daniel Boone
Division
The Erie Canal
The Presidents: Washington to Monroe
James Madison
James Monroe
James Madison 1809-1817
Author of the Virginia Plan
Father of the Constitution
Author of The Federalist Papers
Secretary of State for
Thomas Jefferson
First president to ask Congress for a
Declaration of war
Presidency crippled by factions
War hawks in Congress
Henry Clay (KY)
War of 1812
Mr. Madison’s War
Not a great president
Election of 1812
War of 1812
JAMES MADISON
1809-1817
Napoleon’s Europe
Nine World Wars
Dates
In Europe
In America
1688-1697 War of the League of Augsburg
King William’s War 1689-1697
1701-1713
War of Spanish Succession
Queen Anne’s War 1702-1713
1740-1748 War of Austrian Succession
King George’s War 1744-1748
1756-1763
Seven Years’ War
French and Indian War 1754-1763
1778-1783
War of the American Revolution
American Revolution 1775-1783
1793-1802 Wars of the French Revolution
Undeclared French War 1798-1800
1803-1815
Napoleonic Wars
War of 1812 1812-1814
1914-1918
World War I
World War I 1917-1918
1939-1945 World War II
World War II 1941-1945
British, the French & U.S. Shipping
Napoleonic Wars 1803-1814
British
Orders in Council 1806
Blockaded all French and French controlled ports
French Continental System
Seizure of any ship that came from or stopped in a
British port
U.S. merchants ships could not enter European ports
Jefferson’s Response—Embargo Act 1807
Prohibited all international shipping
Jefferson overestimated European dependence on American
products
Ruinous to the American economy and tarnished Jefferson’s
presidency
Background War of 1812
Two Major Causes
Neutrality and maritime rights
1.
Shipping problem left over from Jefferson
Solution
Non-Intercourse Act 1809
Opened up American trade with all countries except Britain and France
Macon’s Bill #2 1810
Opened up with either Great Britain or France but not both
France came forward first
Offered to help secure American shipping
British began
Seizing our ships on the open seas
Impressing our sailors
• Impressments - forced enlistment in a foreign navy
War hawks—clamored for war, many in congress
Wanted free trade and sailors’ rights
Won control of Congress in 1811
Speaker of the House Henry Clay (KY)
Henry Clay
Manning the Navy
English engraving showing the impressment of American sailors
Impressment of sailors into the British navy from American ships was a
major cause of the War of 1812
Background War of 1812
Two Major Causes
2. Frontier problems
Northwest settlers (around the Great Lakes) faced armed
resistance from the Native Americans
Americans were convinced that the Native Americans
were getting guns and supplies from the British
War Hawks called for war against the British in
retaliation for the Indian attacks
Battle of Tippecanoe 1811
General William Henry Harrison
Governor Indiana Territory
Gathered an army, defeated and burned Tecumseh’s
headquarters, (Shawnee Indian chief)
“War Hawks” in the War of 1812
Henry Clay, KY
John C. Calhoun, SC
Felix Gundy, TN
War of 1812: American Opinion
Federalists
Democratic Republicans
Wanted to
Opposition to war
New England
merchants believed
French were as much
to blame as the British
Needed good relations
with the British for
trading
Mr. Madison’s War
Advance against the
British and
Take Canada
Thought the British
would be too occupied
in Europe to fight back
Advance into Canada
failed
War of 1812-1814
War declaration June 1812
Close vote
79-49 House
19-13 Senate
Shows dangerous degree of disunity
Reasons for War
Neutrality and maritime rights
1.
Freedom of the seas
Retaliation for impressments and seizure of ships
Frontier problems
2.
Native Americans and British raids along frontier
Major Campaigns
of the
War of 1812
Land war centered on
• U.S.-Canadian border
• Chesapeake Bay
• Louisiana and Mississippi
Territories
War on the Sea
August, 1812—USS Essex sunk the British
Alert with one broadside shot
Off New York 1812 Captain Isaac Hull’s
USS Constitution destroyed the British
Guerrière
When the men of the Constitution saw enemy
cannonballs bounce from its heavy oak planks,
they dubbed their ship,
“Old Ironsides” a nickname the famous
fighting ship bears to this day
Despite early victories at sea, by the
end of 1813 the British had created a
complete blockade of American ports
U.S.S. Constitution
• Heavy frigate
• Wooden hulled
• Three-masted
• Named by George
Washington
• Oldest
commissioned
ship in the world
• Launched in 1797
• Battle with the
Guerrière
• Earned her the
nickname
• Old Ironsides
• Home is Boston
U.S.S. Constitution vs. Guerrière 1812
Heavily outweighed and outgunned, the British captain of the Guerrière (foolishly)
sought combat. His ship was totally destroyed by the Constitution. Historian Henry
Adams said this duel “raised the United States in one half hour to the rank of a firstclass power in the world.”
War along Canadian Border
Control of the Great Lakes was vital to an American victory
in Canada
Americans pursued a three pronged attack on Canada by attacking the
British by land
Detroit, Niagara, and Lake Champlain
All three invasions failed
Battle of Lake Erie September, 1813
Captain Oliver Hazard Perry naval victory over the British
Battle of Plattsburg September 11, 1814
Captain Thomas Mac Donough naval victory on Lake Champlain
stopped a British invasion of New York
War in the West
Battle of the Thames October 5, 1813
William Henry Harrison defeated the British at the
Thames River and killed Tecumseh
The death of Tecumseh was significant
because it forced the Indians to give up
their dream of creating a confederacy
south of the Great Lakes
War on Land
Napoleon 1814 exiled
British were able to deploy a significant number of troops to
the U.S.
August 1814 British deployed a 4,000 troops to the U.S.
Landed at the Chesapeake Bay
Marched to Washington
Set fire to the Capitol and Executive Mansion
Battle of Fort McHenry Sept. 1814
In Baltimore Harbor
British Fleet attacked America’s fort
U.S. victory in that the Americans held off an invasion of the fort
Francis Scott Key British prisoner of war
Wrote the Battle of Fort McHenry
The Star Spangled Banner
Battle of Fort McHenry 1814
Inspiration for Francis Scott Key
Star Spangled Banner
Burning of Washington
• British attack on Washington, D.C.
• Major setback during the War of 1812
British Sacking
Washington, 1814
• Thinking that the
British would attack
Baltimore
• Government failed to
provide an adequate
defense of Washington
• August 25 British
entered Washington
unopposed
• "for the barbarous
purpose of destroying
the city" confessed a
British officer
• After setting much of
the city ablaze, the
British withdrew on
August 26 and
• President Madison
returned the following
day
The White House
During the War of 1812, the original White House (pictured) was
destroyed by British troops
Dolley Madison Saving Declaration of Independence
Madison's wife Dolley was famous for saving important
government papers and a portrait of George Washington
before the White House burned.
Dolley Madison saved this portrait of
George Washington before leaving
the White House
War in the West
Battle of New Orleans January 1815
Late in 1814 the British began their attack on the
port of New Orleans
Secured entire Mississippi Valley
General Andrew Jackson
Defended the city
American victory
2,000 British were killed
Only 70 Americans
Most significant British loss
Occurred two weeks after the
Treaty at Ghent was signed
Andrew Jackson hailed a hero
General Andrew Jackson
Jackson at the
Battle of New Orleans
artist unknown
• Last campaign of the
War of 1812
• Andrew Jackson's
troops
• Army regulars
• Tennessee and
Kentucky
volunteers and
• Two companies of
African American
volunteers from
New Orleans
• Held off the
better-trained
British troops in
January of 1815
• Made Andrew Jackson
a national hero
The Southeast 1810-1819
War of 1812
War of 1812
Hartford Convention April 1814
Defiant New England
MA, CT, RI, NH, VT
Met in secrecy for three weeks
Talked of secession
Went to DC with demands for changes in the Constitution
Wanted 2/3 vote in Congress to enact
An embargo
Admit new states or
Declare war
Results
End of Federalist Party
1816 Last time they nominate a presidential candidate (Rufus King)
Stench of treason
Fateful doctrine of disunity
Talk of nullification and secession
Hartford Convention and Nullification
Two most damaging acts of
nullification prior to the events
leading up to Civil War
Flouting Jeffersonian embargo
Crippling the war effort
New England and the Federalists
Blazed a fateful trail
Treaty of Ghent 1814
European distress brought American success
Russian Tsar Alexander I
Proposed mediation between Great Britain and U.S.
Russia did not want the British military to be
distracted from defeating Napoleon by fighting with
the U.S.
TREATY—December 24, 1814
Ended the war
British and the Americans agreed to armistice
Stop fighting
Restored to one another any conquered territory
Results of the War of 1812
@ 6,000 Americans dead or wounded
American economy was worse off than before the war
Andrew Jackson—a war hero
William Henry Harrison—a war hero
Federalist party died out
“Second War for Independence”
British no longer a threat
U.S. gained worldwide respect
Manufacturing prospered
Star Spangled Banner—national anthem
Folly of sectional disunity
Heightened sense of nationalism
May not have fought the war as one, but
Emerged as one nation
General Andrew Jackson
Dolley Madison
by Gilbert Stuart, 1804
• Attractive young wife of
Secretary of State James
Madison
• Acted virtually as the
nation's First Lady
during the administration of
Jefferson, a widower.
• Friendly, tactful, and
blessed with an unfailing
memory for names and
events
• She added to her
reputation as an elegant
hostess after her husband
became president
An elder Dolley Madison
Passed away in Washington, D.C. in 1849 at the age of 81
James Madison
Retired from the presidency to his estate, Montpelier in Virginia.
He died peacefully on June 28, 1836 at the age of 85.
Montpelier
Madison’s home in Virginia
Birth of a Nationalist Spirit
LITERATURE
A Changed Mood—A Nationalistic Spirit
Birth of a distinctly national literature
Washington Irving
Legend of Sleepy Hollow
James Fenimore Cooper
Last of the Mohicans
Revived the Bank of the United States 1816
New capital built
Expanded the army to 10,000
Glory to U.S. Navy 1815
Defeated Barbary pirates off the coast of North Africa
Steven Decatur—hero
American System
Era of Good Feeling
JAMES MONROE
1817-1825
James Monroe 1817-1825
Straddled two generations
Last of the revolutionary generation
A nationalist
Era of Good Feeling
Good Will Tour of the country
Still times were troubled
Sectionalism
North
South
West
Issues that caused discontent
Tariff
Bank
Internal improvements
Sale of public lands
Slavery
Admission of states
Election of 1816
James Monroe
Democratic-Republican
Advantage in winning the nomination against a divided
opposition
Favorite candidate of Jefferson and Madison
Won the electoral college by 183 to 34
Rufus King
Federalist, New York
Federalist Party
Discredited by its opposition to the war
Election 1816
American System 1824
After War of 1812
Americans wanted to
reduce U.S. reliance on
European manufactured
products
Advocated by Henry Clay
Benefits
Prosperity to all sections
of the country
Strengthen national unity
Independent of the
outside world
Henry Clay
American System
Strong banking system
Provide money for businessmen who
required secure funding for future
business operations
Easy and abundant credit
Protective tariff
Stimulate American manufacturing
and enlarge the home market for
agricultural products from the south
and the west
Tariff 1816
First tariff in American history
instituted primarily for protection
Eastern manufacturing would flourish
Network of roads and canals
Funded by the tariff, internal
improvements would encourage
commerce by improving
transportation between states
Especially the Ohio Valley
Internal Improvements
Transportation Revolution
1800-1830
OHIO FEVER
TURNPIKE CRAZE
CUMBERLAND ROAD 1811
STEAMBOAT CRAZE
CLERMONT 1807
ERIE CANAL 1817-1825
RAILROADS
Transportation Revolution
Roads
Before and during the War of 1812
Private companies built toll roads
1811 Congress passed a plan for a
National Road to link the eastern
seaboard with the towns and cities of
the growing West
Railroads
Problems encountered by those using
transportation by roads and canals led
to railroads
Terminal cities grew in wealth and
size
Helped ship people to the Ohio Valley
and the Great Lakes region where
settlers farmed the land and the RRs
brought their products to market
Highways
Turnpike craze
Ohio Fever
National/Cumberland Road 1811-1852
Cumberland, Maryland to Vandalia, Illinois
1811 federal government began construction
War of 1812 interrupted construction
Combination of state and federal money completed the road
Cumberland/National Road and Main Connections
Daniel Boone Escorting Settlers Through the Cumberland Gap
by George Caleb Bingham
Bingham's is the best known of the many prints and paintings
depicting this singular moment in colonial westward expansion.
Transportation Revolution
Steamboats
Steam powered
transportation reduced
freight and passenger rates
which added to westward
expansion
Canals
Connected natural
waterways allowing tons of
cargo to be pulled by the
same number of horses that
it took to carry a significantly
smaller load on roads
Steamboats
Madison vetoed Congress’ $ 1.5 million for internal improvements as
unconstitutional
States pay for construction
Opened the west and the south
Steamboat craze
Robert Fulton’s Clermont 1807
Defied wind, wave, tide and downstream current
Made America’s navigable streams two-way arteries
1811 first steamboat on western
waters
Mississippi River
1820—60 steamboats
1860—1,000 steamboats
Erie Canal 1817-1825
Canal building craze
Erie
Canal 1817-1825
New Yorkers dug the
canal
Governor DeWitt Clinton
Clinton’s Big Ditch
Buffalo on Lake Erie to
Albany on the Hudson
River to
New York Harbor
Erie Canal and Main Branches
Cost of the Erie Canal
Eight years of digging
Nearly 1,000 lives lost
Cost $7 million ($100 million today)
Miracle of engineering
Connecting east and mid west
An instant economic super highway
$15 million of goods a year flow along the canal
Villages along canal boom into dynamic cities
Buffalo
Syracuse
Rochester
Results of the Erie Canal
Goods crash in price up to 95%
Prosperity is on the move
NYC becomes a boomtown
Wall Street took off as a global financial center
Quadrupled in size
Surpassed New Orleans as nation’s number one port
So much money around that the word
The term millionaire was invented in 1840
Shapes New York today
Empire State
80% of upstate population lives within 25 miles of Erie Canal
Results of the Erie Canal
Results
New
York—Empire State
Cost of shipping decreased
Time in transit decreased
Value of land increased
Profitability of farming in OH, MI, IN, IL attracted
immigrants
Growth of cities in the mid west
Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago mighty cities
Speeded up industrialization
Continental market economy
Contributed to manifest destiny
Canals in 1840
Early Railroads
Most significant contribution to
the development of a continental
economy
Fast, reliable and cheaper to build
than canals
Defied terrain and weather
1828 First railroad in U.S.
1830 B & O Railroad opened
Stretched from Baltimore to
Wheeling, West Virginia on the Ohio
River
1860 30,000 miles
¾ in the industrial North
Railroad Revolution
1850-1860
Major
Rivers
Roads
and
Canals
1825-1860
Sectionalism
Admission of States
SLAVERY
MISSOURI COMPROMISE 1820
Admission of New States 1791-1819
Nine frontier
states join
Alternately free
then slave
Preserve
North-South
sectional
balance
Especially in
the Senate
14 1791
15 1792
16 1796
17 1803
18 1812
19 1816
20 1817
21 1818
22 1819
Vermont
Kentucky
Tennessee
Ohio
Louisiana
Indiana
Mississippi
Illinois
Alabama
Admission of Missouri
Missouri Compromise 1820
Missouri
Requested admission to the
Union as a slave state
First state entirely west of
the Mississippi to be carved
out of the Louisiana
Territory
Caused a heated debate
Abolitionists opposed
admission of Missouri as a
slave state
Deadlock
Henry Clay proposed a
compromise
Missouri Compromise
Missouri entered as
slave state
Maine admitted as a free
state
Future Louisiana territory
North of the 36˚ 30̕
parallel free
South of the 36˚ 30̕
parallel slave
Congress could forbid
slavery in remaining
territories
Missouri Compromise 1820
Missouri Compromise and State of Union, 1820
• Worked out by House Speaker Henry Clay
• Established a formula that avoided debate over whether new states would allow or
prohibit slavery
• Divided the United States into northern and southern regions.
Results of Missouri Compromise 1820
Balance of free and slave states
12 free
12 slave
Maintained for 15 years
Preserved shaky compact of the states
Lasted for 34 years
Dispute over slavery heralded the future
breakup of the Union
Peculiar institution (slavery)
Could not be swept under the rug
Henry Clay
The Great Compromiser
Judicial Nationalism
JOHN MARSHALL’S COURT 1801-1835
MC CULLOCH V. MARYLAND 1819
DARTMOUTH COLLEGE CASE 1819
GIBBONS V. OGDEN 1824
Judicial Nationalism
Chief Justice John Marshall’s court
1801-1835
Decisions
reflected the upsurge in nationalism
Bolstered the power of the federal government at
the expense of the states
Examples
McCulloch v. Maryland 1819
Dartmouth College Case 1819
Gibbons v. Ogden 1824
McCulloch v. Maryland 1819
Bank of the United States
Maryland taxed the Bank
Decision
“Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the
scope of the Constitution , an all means which
are appropriate, which are plainly adapted to
that end, which are not prohibited, but consist
with the letter and spirit of the Constitution, are
constitutional.”
Results
First Bank of the United States
Loose construction
Broad powers to Congress
Blow to the states
National supremacy
Congress had the power to create
the bank
Necessary and proper clause
Article I Section VIII
Implied powers
State cannot tax a federal
agency (bank)
“power to tax involves power
to destroy”
Chief Justice John Marshall
Dartmouth College v. Woodward 1819
New Hampshire attempted to change
Dartmouth College’s charter
Daniel Webster
Graduate of Dartmouth College
Attorney for Dartmouth College
Espoused the virtues of nationalism
Challenged states’ rights in the Senate
Challenged nullification
Marshall’s Decision
Original charter must stand; it is a contract
Constitution protects contracts against state encroachment
Article I Section X
Result
Safeguarded business enterprises from domination by the states’ governments
Gibbons v. Ogden 1824
Steamboat case
New York state granted a monopoly of waterborne Steamboat case
commerce between New York and New Jersey to Ogden
Decision
Constitution conferred to Congress alone the control of
interstate commerce
Article I Section VIII
Results
Emancipation Proclamation of Commerce
Defined commerce broadly
Not just buying and selling goods, but
transportation, communication, railroads, telegraph, gas, oil, travel, air
Broad powers to congress
Blow to states
Chief Justice John Marshall
Nationalism
Chief Justice
John Marshall
Chief Justice John Marshall
His sense of nationalism was the most enduring of the time
Shaped the Constitution along conservative, centralizing lines
Through him the conservative Hamiltonians partly triumphed
from the tomb
Daniel Webster (NH)
Devotion to the Union was inflexible
Espoused the virtues of nationalism
1837 “One country, one constitution,
and one destiny.”
Challenged states’ rights in the Senate
Challenged nullification
Daniel Webster
John Marshall
Chief Justice from 1801–1835
He posed for this portrait the year he joined the Court. The artist captured the
power and strength with which Marshall would dominate the Court.
Monroe’s Foreign Policy
TREATY OF 1818
FLORIDA PURCHASE TREATY 1819
MONROE DOCTRINE 1823
RUSSO-AMERICAN TREATY 1824
Monroe’s Foreign Policy
President James Monroe
Nationalist James Monroe
Nationalist Secretary of State John Quincy Adams
One of the greatest Secretaries of State
Oregon and Florida
Treaty of 1818
Florida Purchase Treaty 1818
European intervention in the Americas
Monroe
Doctrine 1823
Secretary of State
John Quincy Adams
Treaty of 1818
Oregon Territory
U. S. and Britain
Terms
Share the Newfoundland fisheries with Canada
Established the northern limits of Louisiana
Along the 49th parallel from the
Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains
Ten-year joint occupation of the
Oregon country
British Boundary Settlement 1818
Oregon
Boundary
Dispute
• Although
demanding
Britain cede the
entire Oregon
Territory south
of 54°40‘
• United States
settled for a
compromise at
the 49th parallel
The West
and
Northwest
1819-1824
Spanish Florida: Background
War of 1812
Spanish allowed Britain to use Florida as a base to attack the U.S.
Refuge for criminals and runaway slaves
Seminole and Creek Indians
Attacked southerners
Fled back to Spanish Florida for safety
1818 President James Monroe
Andrew Jackson and 3,000 U.S. troops to Florida
Capture and punish criminals
Keep order on the Florida border
Strict orders not to attack anyone under the Spanish flag
Jackson did not listen to his orders
Captured St. Marks and Pensacola
Hanged two British officers
Deposed the Spanish governor of Florida
Ultimatum to Spain
prevent further attacks into the U.S. or
cede Florida to the U.S.
General Andrew Jackson
Florida Purchase Treaty 1819
(Adams-Onis Treaty)
• U.S. and Spain
• TERMS
•
•
•
•
•
U.S. assumed the $ 5 million in claims by American citizens against
Spain
Spain ceded Florida to U.S.
Spain gave up claims to Oregon
U.S. gave up claims to Texas
Established a southwest boundary for the Louisiana Purchase
•
Gulf of Mexico northwest to the 42nd parallel and west along that line to
the Pacific
• RESULTS
•
•
Many wanted Jackson punished for exceeding orders
Monroe listened to John Quincy Adams
•
Jackson: Governor of the Florida Territory
Monroe Doctrine 1823
Background
Fear that European powers would restore
Spanish control over lost
Argentina 1816
Venezuela 1817
Chile 1818
1821 Russia decreed its jurisdiction over present day
British Columbia
Russian trading posts as far south as the entrance to San
Francisco Bay
Britain approached U.S. about a joint declaration
renouncing any interest in acquiring any Latin American
territory
Officials Creating Monroe Doctrine
Monroe’s foreign policy called for an
End of European expansion in the Western Hemisphere
Monroe Doctrine 1823
John Quincy Adams wary of
British
Monroe and the U.S. should go it alone
Monroe’s message to Congress
The Doctrine
Warned European powers
Non-colonization
• Western hemisphere is closed to future colonization
Non-intervention
• Europe must stay out of the affairs of the western hemisphere
• U.S. would stay out of European affairs
Russo-American Treaty 1824
U.S. and Russia
Terms
Fixed the southern
most limits of Russia
at the 54° 40‘—the
present southern tip of
the Alaska panhandle
Effects
Little effect at the time
Expression of the
nationalism after the
War of 1812
Deepened the illusion
of isolationism
James Monroe
by Gilbert Stuart