NEW WORLD ENCOUNTERS

America: Past and Present

Chapter 1

Native American Histories before Conquest

   20,000 B.C.--Siberian hunters become first American inhabitants 8,000 B.C.--Humans reach tip of South America.

5,000 B.C.--Agricultural Revolution  Crops include maize, squash, and beans  Shift from nomadic hunting and gathering to permanent villages or large cities

Mysterious Disappearances

   Anasazi Culture —Chaco Canyon  Sophisticated irrigation  Well-built roads for transportation Adena and Hopewell Peoples —Ohio Valley  Large ceremonial mounds  Extensive trade network Cahokia —Mississippi Valley  Large ceremonial mounds  Far-flung trade network

Aztec Dominance

    Aztecs settle valley of Mexico Center of large, powerful empire Highly organized social structure Rule through fear and force

Eastern Woodland Cultures

   Atlantic Coast of North America Native Americans lived in smaller bands Agriculture supplemented by hunting and gathering

Cultural Characteristics

    Diversity of language groups, ethnicities Define place in society through kinship Communal, charismatic, sociopolitical formation Diplomacy, trade, war organized around reciprocal relationships

Confederacies of Eastern North America

   Hurons--Southern Ontario near Lakes Ontario and Erie Iroquois--Central New York Powhattans--Chesapeake

Indians Discover a New World

   Native Americans eager for European trade Reject notions of European superiority European efforts to convert or "civilize" Indians  Frequent contact makes native men receptive to Christianity  Determination to preserve power leads native women to resist conversion  Native disease, dependence erodes resistance to conversion among women and men

Disease and Dependency

   Contact brings population decline among American Indians Cause: Lack of resistance to epidemic disease  smallpox  measles  influenza Rate as high as ninety-five percent

Consequences of Epidemic Disease 16,000,000 14,000,000 12,000,000 10,000,000 8,000,000 6,000,000 4,000,000 2,000,000 0 Pre-Contact 100 years after Contact

West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies

   Diversity of sub-Saharan Cultures  Islam  Strong traditional beliefs A history of empires  Mali  Ghana Daily life centered on elder-ruled clans

Beginnings of the Slave Trade

  15th-century Portuguese chart sea lanes from Europe to sub-Saharan Africa Native rulers sell prisoners of war to Portuguese as slaves

How Many Slaves?

 17th century--ca. 1,000 Africans per year  18th century--5.5 million transported to the Americas  By 1860--ca. 11 million 

Before 1831, more Africans than Europeans came to the Americas.

European Colonization

   10th Century - Leif Ericson settles “Vinland” Late 15th-century--preconditions for overseas settlement attained  rise of nation-states  spread of new technologies  spread of old knowledge.

1492--Columbus initiates large-scale European colonization

Building New Nation-States

    Population growth after 1450 “New Monarchs” forge nations from scattered provinces  Spain  France  England “Middle class” a new source of revenue Powerful military forces deployed

Making Sense of a New World

    Spain the first European nation to achieve conditions for successful colonization Unified under Ferdinand and Isabella 1492--Jews and Muslims expelled Conquest of Canary Islands provides rehearsal for colonization

Calculating Risks and Rewards

     Columbus persuades Queen Isabella to finance westward expedition to “Cathay” 1492--Initial voyage Three subsequent voyages to find cities of China 1506--died clinging to belief he had reached the Orient Made possible Spanish dominion in America

The Conquistadores

     Independent adventurers commissioned by Spanish crown to subdue new lands By 1512--Major Caribbean islands decimated By 1521--Cort és destroys Aztec Empire 1539-42--de Soto explores Southeast 1540-42--Coronado explores Southwest

From Plunder to Settlement

    Encomienda System rewards Conquistadors  Large land grants  Indian inhabitants provide labor or tribute Appointed officials answer only to Crown Catholic Church  Protects Indian rights  Performs mass conversions By 1650, 1/2 million Spaniards in New World  Unmarried males intermarry  Mixed-blood population emerges

The French Claim Canada

     1608--Samuel de Champlain founds Quebec French Empire eventually includes St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes, Mississippi French Crown makes little effort to foster settlement Fur trade underpins economy Indians become valued trading partners

England in the New World

  Claims New World territory under Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547) Achieves preconditions for colonization under Elizabeth I

Birth of English Protestantism

  English rise influenced by Protestant Reformation  1517--Martin Luther sparks reform in Germany  1536- John Calvin’s

Institutes

published in Geneva Reformation pits European Protestants against Catholics

The English Reformation

     Tudor monarchs bring political unity Reformation under Henry Vlll (r. 1509-1547) strengthens Crown Protestant reform accelerated under Edward VI (r. 1547-1553) Death of Mary I (r. 1553-1558) cuts short English Catholic Counterreformation Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) consolidates English Reformation

England’s Tudor Monarchs

Militant Protestantism

   Lutheran Reformation  God speaks through Bible, not Pope or priests  Justification by faith alone for salvation Calvinist Reformation  John Calvin stresses God’s omnipotence  Predestination —some persons chosen by God for salvation Calvinist Christianity expands in northern Europe  France —Huguenots  Scotland —Presbyterians  England —Puritans

Woman in Power

    Elizabeth I (1558-1603) a very capable monarch Elizabeth introduces

Via Media

 Protestant Doctrine  “Catholic” Ritual  Ends religious turmoil in England Elizabeth’s excommunication by Pope prompts Spanish crusade against England England aligned with Protestant nations against Catholic powers

Religion, War, and Nationalism

    Spanish hostility makes Elizabeth the symbol of English, Protestant nationhood Sea Dogs’ seizure of Spanish treasure makes them English heroes Elizabeth's subjects raid Spain's American empire 1588-- Spanish Armada defeated

Irish Background for American Settlement

   Ireland a laboratory for English colonization  Irish viewed as backward  English under Elizabeth seize Irish land English Brutality  English ethnocentrism benign when Irish docile  English brutally crush frequent Irish resistance such as massacre of women and children English adventurers compare Native Americans with “wild” Irish

Early English Efforts in America

   Sir Walter Raleigh’s Roanoke colony of 1584 fails By 1600 no English settlements in New World Richard Hakluyt advertises benefits of American colonization