Transcript Years of Crisis (1919-1939)

Years of Crisis
(1919-1939)
In this presentation we will discuss
 The Post War
A Worldwide Depression
Fascism Rises in Europe
Aggressors Invade Nations
Ashley
Goodwin
1st Block
Dr. Linebarger
Chapter 31 Power Point Project
Postwar
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In the Postwar period people
began questioning
traditional beliefs. Some
people found answers in
new scientific
developments, which
challenged the way people
looked at the world. As the
society became more open,
women demanded more
rights and young people
adopted new values.
A New Revolution in Science
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Albert Einstein and Sigmund
Freud ideas had a big impact on
the 20th century. Albert Einstein
was born in Germany. He offered
startling new ideas on space, time,
energy, and matter. In 1905,
Einstein theorized that while the
speed of light is constant, other
things that seem constant, such as
space and time are not. Since
relative motion is the key to
Einstein’s idea, it is called the
Theory of Relativity.
Sigmund Freud
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Sigmund Freud ideas
were as revolutionary as
Einstein’s. Freud treated
patients with
psychological problems.
He constructed a theory
about the human mind.
He believed that much
of human behavior is
irrational, or beyond
reason.
Einstein and Sigmund Freud
Literature in the 1920’s
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The brutality of World War I caused philosophers and writers to
question accepted ideas about reason and progress. Many people
also feared the future and expressed doubts about traditional
religious beliefs. In 1922, T.S. Eliot, an American poet living in
England, wrote that western society had lost its spiritual values.
He described the postwar as a barren “wasteland”, “drained of
hope and faith”.
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The horror of war made a deep impression on many writers. In
the search for meaning in an uncertain world, some people
turned to the philosophy known as existentialism. A major leader
of this movement was the philosopher Jean Paul Sartre of
France. Existentialists believed that there is no universal
meaning to life. Each person creates his or her own meaning in
life through choices made by actions taken.
Jean Paul Sartre
Revolution in the Arts
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During this period many new directions in painting
and music began in the prewar period, they evovled
after the war.
Surrealism, is an art movement that sought to link
the world of dreams with real life, this came from
Freud’s idea’s. This caused surrealists to call on the
unconciuos part of their minds. Many of their
paintings have an eerie, dreamlike quality and depict
objects in unrealistic ways.
Society Changes/ Women’s Roles
Changes
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World War I disrupted social patterns. The war allowed
women to take on new roles. After the war, women
suffrage became a law in many countries including the
United States,Britian, Sweden, and Austria. Women
abandoned restrictive clothes and hairstyles. They also
wore makeup, drove cars, and drank and smoked in
public.
Margaret Sanger and Emma Goldman risked arrest by
speaking in favor of birth control. Women looked for
new jobs, and the number of women in medicine,
education, journalism, and other professions increased
Technology Advances
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During World War I, scientists developed
new drugs and medical treatments that
helped millions of people in Post War years.
These technology advances were used to
improve transportation and communication
after the war.
Automobile
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The automobile benefited from a host of wartime innovations
and improvements electric starters, air filled tires, and more
powerful engines. Cars now had headlights and chrome platted
bumpers. British factories produced 34,000 cars in 1913. After
the war car prices dropped and middle class could afford cars.
By 1937 the British were producing 511,000 cars a year.
Increased auto use by the average family led to lifestyle changes.
Most traveled for pleasure . The auto also affected where
people lived and work. People moved to the suburbs and
commuted to work in the cities.
1913 and 1937 Model Automobiles
Airplanes Introduced
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International air travel became a main object/tool after the War .
In 1919, two British pilots made the first successful flight across
the Atlantic, from Newfoundland to Ireland.
In 1927, an American pilot named Charles Lindbergh Captured
world attention with a 33-hour solo flight from New York to
Paris. Most of the worlds passenger airlines were established
during the 1920’s. At first only the rich were able to afford air
travel.
1927 Airplane and Charles
Lindbergh
Radio and Movies Become Popular
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The real development for radio came during World
War I. In 1920, the world’s first commercial radio
station- KDKA in Pittsburg Pennsylvania began
broadcasting.
Motion pictures were also major industry in the
1920’s. Many countries from Cuba, to Japan,
produced movies. The king of Hollywood’s silent
screen was the English born Charlie Chaplin, a comic
genius best known for his portrayal of the lonely
little tramp bewildered by life. In the late 1920’s, the
addition if sound transformed movies.
KDKA Radio Station
and Charlie Chaplin
A Worldwide Depression
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During the late 1920’s European
nations were rebuilding war
economies. Only the United States
and Japan came out of the war in
better economic shape than before
the war.
Postwar Europe
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In both human suffering and economic
terms, the results of the World War I
were immense. The war left every major
European country nearby bankrupt. And
Europe’s domination in world affairs
declined after the war.
Unstable New Democracies
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From 1914 to 1918, Europe’s last absolute rulers
had been overthrown. The first of the new
government in Russia were formed in 1917.
The Provisional Government hoped to establish
constitutional and democratic rule. Unfortunately
within months it fell to a Communist dictatorship.
Even though this happened most European
nations had democratic governments.
Unstable New Democracies
(Continued)
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Many citizens of the new democracies had little experience with
representative government. In Austria- Hungry, France and Italy I
was almost impossible for one party/candidate to win enough
support to govern effectively.
When no single party won a majority, a coalition government, or
temporary alliance of several parties, was needed to form a
parliamentary majority. The parties disagreed on so many policies
that coalitions rarely stayed together long.
Frequent changes in government made it hard for democratic
countries to develop strong leadership and move toward long-term
goals. The weakness of a coalition government became a major
problem in times of crisis. Voters in a lot of countries were willing
to give up a strong democratic government for strong,
authoritarian leadership.
The Weimar
War
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Germany’s new democratic
was set up in 1919. Known as
Weimar Republic it was
named after the city where
the national assembly met.
The Weimar Republic had
serious weakness from the
beginning, First Germany
lacked a strong democratic
tradition. And postwar
Germany had a lot of political
parties and many minor ones.
On top of all this a lot of the
German’s began to blame the
government for all of the
problems they were currently
going through.
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Germany also faced enormous
economic problems that had
begun during the war.
Germany had not greatly
increased it’s taxes during
war. To pay the expenses for
the war the Germans just
printed out some money.
After Germany’s defeat this
money lost it’s value quickly.
Germans needed more and
more money to buy just the
basic needs of the country.
People took a lot of money to
buy food. And as a result of
this many German’s began
to question the value of their
new democratic government.
Weimar War
Trying To Gain Economic Stability
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Germany recovered from the 1923 inflation thanks to an
international committee. The committee which was ran by
Charles Dawes an American banker. The Dawes plan provided a
two hundred million loan from banks in America to stabilize
German currency and to strengthen it’s economy.
In 1924 the Dawes Plan helped slow down inflation. The
German economy began to recover this attracted more loans
and investments from the United States. By 1929 German
factories were producing as much as they had before the war.
Charles Dawes
Financial Collapse
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In the late 1920s American economic
prosperity largely sustained the world
economy. If the U.S. economy
weakened the whole world’s economic
system might collapse. In 1929 it did.
Despite prosperity several weaknesses
in the U.S. economy caused serious
problems. These included uneven
distribution of wealth, overproduction
by business and agriculture, and the
fact that many Americans were buying
less.
By 1929 American factories were
turning out nearly half of the world’s
industrial goods. Sixty percent of all
American families earned at less than
$2,000 a year. This caused most of the
families to be to poor to be able to
purchase any goods being produced.
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Being unable to sell their items most
stores cut back on the amount of
items they were ordering from
factories. This caused factories to
reduce the number of workers and
production. This caused a downward
spiral of the economy. Workers lost
their jobs and families bought even
less amounts of goods. This caused
factories to make more cuts in their
productions and lay off more
employees.
Overproduction also affected farmers.
American farmers were producing
more and more food. They faced
competition with farmers in Australia,
Latin America, and Europe. A
worldwide surplus of agricultural
products drove prices and profits
down. Being unable to sell their crops
at a profit many farmers could not pay
off the bank loans that helped keep
them on their feet. Their unpaid bills
etc caused the banks to weaken and
forced some banks to close.
Stock Market Crashes!!
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In September 1929 some
investors noticed that the
stock prices where really
higher than normal. The
economy started to settle
their stocks, because they
thought that the prices would
go down soon.
By Thursday October 24 the
slow lowering of stock prices
had started an slide
downward to an bad
economy. As a result people
began to panic. Everyone
wanted to sell their stocks,
but no one wanted to
purchase any. Prices dropped
to an even lower level on
Tuesday, October 29. record
of 16 million stocks were sold.
Then the market collapsed.
The Great Depression
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A long business slump was known
a the Great Depression. The
stock market did not cause
the Great Depression by itself
but it quickened the collapse
of the economy and made the
depression more difficult. By
1932, factory production was
cut in half. Thousands of
business had failed and banks
had closed.
Around 9 million people lost
the money in their saving
accounts when banks had no
money to pay for them. Many
farmers lost their land when
they could not pay their
mortgage payments. By 1933
one-fourth of all American
workers had no jobs.
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Because of war debts and
dependence on American
loans and investments,
Germany and Austria were
particularly were affected.
In 1931 Austria’s largest
bank had failed. In Asia
both farmers an urban
workers suffered as the
value of the exports fell by
half between 1929 and
1931.
The crash in the economy
was felt heavily in Latin
America. Europe and the
United States demanded
for Latin American
products such as: sugar,
beef and cooper.
The Great Depression
World Confront Crisis
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The Depression confronted
democracies with a lot of
serious challenges to their
economic and political
systems. Each country
solved their problems in
different ways.
In 1932, in the first presidential election after
the Depression had begun, U.S. voters
elected Franklin D Roosevelt. On March 14,
1933, the new president sought to restore
America’s faith in their nation. Roosevelt
began an program of government reform
that he called the New Deal. Large public
works projects helped to provide jobs for the
unemployed. New government agencies gave
financial help to businesses and farms. Large
amounts of money were spent on welfare
and relief programs. The New Deal did
reform the American economic system.
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The Great Depression affected Britain
greatly. To take care of the emergency British
voters elected a multiparty coalition known
as the National Government. It passed high
protective tariffs, increased taxes, and
regulated the currency. It also lowered
interests rates to encourage industrial
growth. By 1937, unemployment had been
cut in half, and production had risen above
1929 levels. Britain avoided political
extremes and preserved democracy.
France had a more self sufficient economy.
By 1935, one million French workers were
unemployed. The crisis contributed to
political instability. In 1933, five coalition
governments formed and fell. In 1936
moderates, Socialists, and Communists
formed a coalition. The Popular Front passed
a series of reforms to help workers. Price
increases quickly offset wage gains.
Unemployment remained high. France also
preserved democratic government.
Fascism Rises in Europe
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Fascism was a militant political movement that emphasized
loyalty to the state and obedience to it’s leader. Unlike fascism
had no clearly defined theory or program. Most Fascists
shared several ideas. They preached an extreme form of
nationalism, or loyalty to one’s country. Fascists believed that
nations must struggle and that peaceful states would be
conquered soon.
Fascists did not seek a classless society. They believed that
each class had its place and function. In most cases, Fascist
parties were made up of aristocrats and industrialists, war
veterans, and the lower middle class. Fascists were
nationalists.
Fascism rise in Italy was faced by bitter disappointment over
the failure to win larger territorial gains at the 1919 Paris
Peace Conference. The rise in inflation and unemployment
also caused an widespread affect of social unrest.
Fascists Want a Change
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Fascists wanted a leader who would take action. A newspaper editor
and politician named Benito Mussolini boldly promised to rescue Italy
by reviving it’s economy and rebuilding its armed forces. Mussolini had
founded the Fascists party in 1919. As economic problems got worse he
became more popular. Soon Mussolini talked bad about the government
in public. Groups o Fascists that wore black t-shirts attacked
Communists and Socialists on the streets. Mussolini paid attention to the
fear of workers revolt, he won support from the middle class, the
aristocracy and industrial leaders.
In October 1922, about 30,000 Fascists marched on Rome. They
demanded King Victor Emmanuel III to put Mussolini in charge of the
government. The king decided that Mussolini was the best hope for the
dynasty to survive. Soon Mussolini took power over the government
“legally.”
Mussolini got rid of democracy and outlawed all political parties except
for the Fascists. Mussolini outlawed strikes. He wanted to control the
economy by allying the Fascists with the industrialists and landowners
with a lot of land. Mussolini never had total control because of Joseph
Stalin and Adolf Hitler in Germany.
Benito Mussolini
Hitler Gains Power In Germany
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In 1919 Hitler joined a tiny right-wing political group. This group had the
same belief that Germany had to overturn the Treaty of Versailles and
combat communism. It’s policies formed the German brand of fascism
known as Nazism. The group adopted the swastika, of hooked cross, as
its symbol. The Nazis also set up a private militia called the “Storm
Troopers” or “Brown Shirts”
Hitler’s success as an organizer and speaker led him to be chosen der
Fuehrer, or the leader of the Nazi party. Hitler and the Nazis plotted to
seize power in Munich in 1923. His attempt failed and Hitler was arrested.
He was supposed to serve five years in prison but he served less than
nine months.
While Hitler was in jail he wrote Mein Kompf. This book set forth his
beliefs and his goals for Germany. Hitler believed that non-Aryan “races”
such as Jews, Slavs, and Gypsies were lower than everyone else. He
called the Versailles Treaty an outrage and voted to regain German lands.
Hitler also stated that Germany was overcrowded and that it needed
more lebensraum, or living space. He promised to get that space by
conquering eastern Europe and Russia.
When America stopped giving loans the German economy collapsed. This
caused the Germans to turn to Hitler for security and leadership.
Hitler is Chancellor
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An chancellor the prime minister or president in certain
countries.
The Nazis had become the largest political party by 1932.
January 1933 President Paul von Hindenburg named Hitler
chancellor. This made Hitler to come to power legally.
When Hitler got I office he called for new elections in hopes
to win a parliamentary majority. Just six days before the
election, fire destroyed the Reichstag building, where the
parliament met. A lot of people blamed the on the
Communists, the Nazis and their allies won the election by
a little bit. Hitler used his power to turn Germany into a
totalitarian state. He banned all other political parties and
had opponents arrested. An elite black- uniformed unit
called the SS (Schutzstaffe) or an protection team was
created. They were to only be loyal to Hitler.
Hitler And The Nazis
The SS Become Stronger and
Stronger
 In 1934, the SS arrested and murdered hundreds of
Hitler’s enemies. The violence etc from the Gestapo, the
Nazi secret police shocked most Germans and had them in
total obedience. The Nazis took control of the economy
very quickly. The new laws banned strikes an got rid of
individual labor unions, and gave the government over
business and labor. Hitler put millions of people to work.
They made factories, built highways, created weapons,
and fought in the war. This caused the unemployment
rates to drop from 6 million to 1.5 million in 1936.
Hitler Continues To Control
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Hitler wanted more than just economic and political power,
he wanted to have control over every Germans life. To gain
the publics side Hitler used commercials, radio stations, the
press, literature, paintings, and film. Books that did not
contain Nazi beliefs were to be burned. Churches could not
talk badly about the actions of the Nazis and the
government. Kids in school had to join Hitler Youth (for
boys) or League of German Girls. Hating the Jews was one
of the main concerns for the Nazis. Jews were less than
one percent (1%) of the nation but they were still blamed
for all of the problems Germany was going through since
the war. Hatred toward the Jews was also known as antiSemitism and this began to spread quickly throughout
Germany. In 1933, the Nazis passed a law that took away
most of Jews rights.
Violence Against Jews
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Violence against the Jews became worse
and worse. On November 9,1938 Nazi
parties attacked Jews in their homes and
destroyed thousands of their buildings.
This event was known as “Night of the
Broken Glass” and this event trigged a
bad life for the Jews living in Germany
from then on.
Aggressors Invade Nations
During the 1920’s, the Japanese government became
more democratic. In 1922, Japan signed the international
treaty agreeing to respect China’s borders. In 1928 it
signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact renouncing war. As long
as Japan remained prosperous, the civilian government
kept power.. When the Great Depression hit many
people blamed it on the government.
Military leaders gained support and soon won control
over the country. Just like Hitler and Mussolini, Japan
militarists were extreme nationalists. They wanted to
restore traditional control of the government to the
military.
Japan Invades Manchuria
In 1931 the Japanese army seized
Manchuria. They then began to build
mines and factories. This attack was the
first direct challenge to the League of
Nations. By the early 1930’s the League
included all democracies except the
United States, and it also included
Germany, Japan and Italy. Japan withdrew
from the league in 1933
Closing Credits
Thank you for viewing my power point
presentation over chapter 31 “Years of Crisis”
from your textbook. I hoped you have gained
some knowledge on some of the most important
years in history.
Ashley Goodwin
All Pictures From: www.google.com
Al Information From: World History Textbook
Chapter 31