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The Powderkeg explodes
Sarejevo, June 28, 1914Assassination of Archduke
Francis Ferdinand (Heir to
Austrian Throne)
•Killed by Gavrilo Princip
•Member of Serbian
Nationalist group “The
Black Hand”
Opposed Austrian rule
Background Causes
•Militarism
•Alliances
• Imperialism
•Nationalism
Keeping armed forces prepared for
war.
Belligerent (War-like attitude)
Arms race among European powers
Ex. Fiercest rivalry between
Germany & Britain
Military or economic friendship
between countries (Ex.Treaties)
Pre-War
–Triple Alliance
–Triple Entente
During War
–Central Powers
–Allied Powers
Triple Alliance
Triple Entente
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Britain
France
Italy
Russia
competition
among
Europeans for
colonies in
Africa & Asia
Pride in one’s country or desire for
independence
Balkans
– Ethnic Strife
– Powder Keg
Germany
– Proud of growing military & industrial
strength
The ethnic distribution of
Austria-Hungary
German
24%
Hungarian
20%
Czech
13%
Polish
10%
Ruthenian
8%
Romanian
6%
Croat
5%
Slovak
4%
Serb
4%
Slovene
3%
Italian
3%
France
•Wanted Revenge for
losing Alsace & Lorraine
Russia
•Pan-Slavism- wanted to unite all
Slavic Peoples (Ex. Balkans)
Austria –
•Against all Slavic nationalism
Alliance System Kicks in
Germany offers Aust. Carte Blanche
Austrians issue Serbia ultimatum
Austria - Hungary Declares War on
Serbia
Russia Mobilizes its forces
Germany declares war on Russia
Germany declares War on France
Germany invades
Neutral Belgium to
gain access to France
In response Britain
declares war on
Germany
“The Lamps are going out all over
Europe. We Shall not see them lit again
in our lifetime” Sir Edward Grey
Central Powers
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire
Bulgaria
China
Allied Powers
Britain
France
U.S.
(1917)
Italy ***
Japan
German military plan @ outset
of war
•Rapidly defeat France
& than attack Russia
•German army stalls
outside Paris (Marne)
Plan failed
Forced to fight a
two front war
•Marne River- Germans
stopped @ outskirts
of Paris ending
Schlieffen Plan
•Verdun – German
offensive failed
•Somme RiverAllied Offensive
failed
Millions of soldiers
killed for no gain
Located on the French
and German border
• French and British Vs.
German and
Italian forces
• Schleifan Plan Fails
• Trench Warfare
• Stalemate- Battle lines
remained unchanged
opposing armies
fight each other
from dug in
trenches
• No Mans Land in
middle
• Horrible conditions
Trench foot
Shellshock
Advances in weaponry
=More death &
destruction than ever
before (8.5 mill. Killed)
Submarine Warfare
War in the Air
French tank
Tanks
Original British tank
U.
S.
German tank
Heavy Artillery
Poison Gas
Machine Guns
Flamethrowers
Grenade launcher
Fought on 3
continents
Over 30
countries involved
Two oceans
Located along the
German and Russian
border
• Russian and Serbians
Vs. Germans,
Austrians, and Turks
• More mobile than
western Front
•British help Arab
nationalists rise up
against Turks
•Lawrence of Arabia
leads guerilla raids
•Allies gain control of
Baghdad,Jerusalem,
Damascus
•Allied plan to
attack Ottoman
Empire
•Hoped to take
control of
Dardanelles
•Wanted to
establish supply
lines to Russia
Plan failed
•Balfour
Declaration
•British support a
Jewish national
homeland in
Palestine
Troubles still
exist today
•Japanese gain control
of German possessions
in China & the Pacific
•England & France
seize German
possessions in Africa
•British & French
colonies support allied
war efforts
•Britain imposes
Naval Blockade of
Germany
•German U- Boats
attacked Allied
ships
Both nations
experienced severe
food shortages
Countries devoted all resources to the
war effort
•Command Economy
Govt. decides what to produce &
how much
Govt. converted facilities into
factories
Unemployment non-existent
•Taxes were raised &
monies borrowed to
finance the war
•War Bonds
•Government drafted men
to fight
•Woman more involved
in the workforce
•Contributions helped
them in gaining right to
vote after the war
•Rationing
•Limited the amount of
goods people could buy
•Ex. Butter, leather, etc.
were needed for the war
effort
•Victory Gardens
•Censorship
•Govt. controlled info
about the war
•Propaganda
•The spreading of
ideas to promote
a cause or to
damage an
opposing cause
I. 1917 U.S. Enters
War
II.1918 Russia
withdraws from
War
Proclaimed neutrality @
outset of hostilities
•Public opinion divided over
loyalties (Central vs. allies?)
•U.S. traded & lent money to
both sides
•Wilson reelected under
slogan”He Kept us out of the
war”
•German policy of
unrestricted
Submarine Warfare
•Ex. LusitaniaAmerican lives lost
•Zimmerman telegram
•U.S. public outraged
•Wilson declares war
•Not industrialized (lack of supplies)
•Only strength is #’s
•Lack of leadership/morale
•Civil unrest @ home
Shortages, death toll, riots
Russian Revolution of 1917
•Lenin promises “Peace,
Bread, & Land”
•Signs Treaty of BrestLitovsk (1918)
Separate peace with
Central Powers
Russia leaves war
Harsh(Russia loses
enormous amounts of
land)
•U.S. Troops help allies defeat
exhauster German army @ the
nd
2 Battle of the Marne
•Allies push towards Germany
•Kaiser Wilhelm forced to
abdicate
•New German government
(Weimer Republic) signs
armistice
•Nov. 11,1918
@ 11 am the
armistice is
signed
Veterans day is Nov. 11
8.5 million killed/17 million wounded
Mass destruction/famine
Huge War debts/reparations
New technology introduced
U.S. becomes creditor nation
End of major empires-A/Hungary,
Germany, Russia, OttomanTurks
Treaty of Versailles
WWII
•Held @ The Palace of
Versailles, France
•Decisions made by
major Allied powers
•Germany & its allies not
represented but had to abide by
decisions
•Russia not represented
In the midst of Civil War
•Representatives
of the 4 major
allied powers
U.S.- Woodrow Wilson
Great Britain- David Lloyd George
France- Georges Clemenceau
Italy- Vittorio Orlando
** Each came w/ their own agenda
British & French
Representatives wanted
to punish Germany
•Strip Germany of War
making powers
•Pay for suffering
caused by war
Wilson wanted “Peace
without Victory” based on
his 14 points
Plan for achieving a just
& lasting peace
•End to secret treaties
•Freedom of Seas
•Free trade
•Reduced militaries
•Self determination for
new nations
A League of
th
Nations (14
Point)
•Organization
of Nations that
would solve
world conflicts
through
diplomacy
•Similar to the
United Nations
today
League of Nations formed
Germany & Russia
originally excluded
Territorial losses for Germany
•Alsace Lorraine
•French border extended to
Rhine
•All overseas colonies
Military Restrictions
Limited size of
German Army
Prohibited
manufacturing or
purchase of War Materials
Forbid submarines & air
Force
Rhineland becomes demilitarized zone
War Guilt Clause
Harshest provision
Sole responsibility for war
placed on Germany
Germany forced to pay allies
$33 billion in reparations
Germans were horrified
by treaty
•Austro Hungarian Empire carved
into
•Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia,
& Yugoslavia
•Ottoman lands became Mandates
•Territories administered by a
Western Power
•Palestine, Iraq, Transjordan,etc.
U.S. rejected Treaty & League of
Nations
Mandates in Africa & Asia upset
about not gaining independence
Italy & Japan hoped to gain
more territory
Treaty left bitterness & hatred in
hearts of Germans
Would set the stage for WWII
8.5 million killed/17 million wounded
Mass destruction/famine
Huge War debts/reparations
New technology introduced
U.S. becomes creditor nation
End of major empires-A/Hungary,
Germany, Russia, OttomanTurks
Treaty of Versailles
WWII