Diplomacy & The Great War
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Transcript Diplomacy & The Great War
The World
at War WWI:
1914-1918
Causes
of the
War
1. Militarism & Arms Race
Total Defense Expenditures for the Great
Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.]
in millions of £s (pounds).
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1914
94
130
154
268
289
398
1910-1914 Increase in
Defense Expenditures
France
10%
Britain
13%
Russia
39%
Germany
73%
2. The Alliance System
Triple Entente:
Germany, Italy,
AustriaHungary
Britain, France
and Russia
Triple Alliance:
Two Armed Camps!
Allied Powers:
Central Powers:
Europe in 1914
3. Imperialism
4. Nationalism!!!
The
“Spark”
Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914
The
“Powder Keg”
of Europe
•Brinkmanship – the
practice of threatening to
go to war to achieve
one’s goals
•Conscription – a
military draft
•Mobilization – the process
of assembling and making
both troops and supplies
ready for war.
The Assassination: Sarajevo
(in Bosnia)
The Assassin:
Gavrilo
Princip
Who’s To Blame?
Soldiers Mobilized
14
12
Millions
10
8
6
4
2
0
France
Germany
Russia
Britain
Women
and the
Home
Front
Financing the War
For Recruitment
Munitions Workers
French Women Factory
Workers
Red Cross Nurses
Spies
e “Mata Hari”
e Real Name:
Margaretha
Gertruide
Zelle
e German Spy!
Posters:
Wartime
Propaganda
Governments Increase Powers
In order to ensure that enough was
produced for the war, governments
increased their powers, even taking over
industries
Free speech was curtailed to prevent
dissention that could harm war effort
Used propaganda to sway public opinion
German Atrocities in Belgium
Britain Joins the War
Recruitment Posters
(Propaganda)
Recruits of the
Central Powers
A German Soldier
Says Farewell to
His Mother
AustroHungarians
New French Recruits
Australian Poster
American Poster
Financing the War
The Western
Front:
A “War of
Attrition”
The Schlieffen (SHLEE-fun) Plan
A 2 War Front War
*Germany had to fight from both the East (Russia) & West
(France)
The Western Front
Trench Warfare –
fighting from ditches,
protected by barbed
wire, led to stalemate
War of attrition – a
war based on wearing
the other side down
by constant attack
and heavy losses.
Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare
“No Man’s Land” =
the area of land
between your
trench and the
enemy trench
The
Eastern
Front
Russia Drops
Out
Russia experienced
a revolution in
1917 and quits the
war, signing the
Treaty of BrestLitovsk
The
“Colonial”
Fronts
The Middle East
Other than
Europe, the
Middle East saw
the biggest
battles as the
Ottomans
(Turks) fought
Britain, Russia,
and France
The Middle East – A Dual Promise
Hussein-McMahon
Correspondence
G.B. promised the
land of Palestine to
Arabs if they helped
fight the Ottomans
Balfour Declaration
Jews promised a
homeland in Palestine
if they helped the
Allies fight
T. E. Lawrence
& the “Arab Revolt”, 1916-18
T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal
at Versailles, 1918-19
Arabs Left Out at Versailles
Arabs Left Out at Versailles
Fighting in Africa
Black Soldiers in the
German Schutztruppen
[German E. Africa]
British Sikh
Mountain Gunners
Fighting in Africa
Major reason Allies fighting war was
nationalism, and to gain independence for
eastern Europe
So, colonial subjects in Africa, and other parts
of world thought that in return for their
assistance they would gain independence
This did not happen
Fighting in Asia
Japan’s Continued Rise
Japan had alliance
with Britain, so
entered WW1 on side
of Allies
Following the war,
Japan was mostly
ignored at the peace
conference
Japan able to take
more land (especially
from China) during
the war
The Japanese were
angry and continued
to expand
America
Joins
the
Allies
Neutrality Helps
As Europe became embroiled in war, the
U.S. benefitted economically
Sold war supplies and, along with Japan,
became major exporter, replacing
Europeans in many parts of world
This would remain after the war
The Sinking
of the Lusitania
The Zimmerman Telegram
The Yanks
Are Coming!
Americans in the Trenches
The War of
the
Industrial
Revolution:
New
Technology
French Renault Tank
Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun
U-Boats
The Airplane
“Squadron Over the Brenta”
Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
The Flying Aces of World War I
Eddie
Rickenbacher, US
Francesco
Barraco, It.
Eddie “Mick”
Mannoch, Br.
Willy Coppens de
Holthust, Belg.
Rene Pauk
Fonck, Fr.
Manfred von
Richtoffen, Ger.
[The “Red Baron”]
Curtis-Martin
U.S. Aircraft Plant
Looking for the “Red Baron?”
Flame
Throwers
Grenade
Launchers
Poison Gas
Machine Gun
The End
of
World
War I
11 a.m., November 11, 1918
The Armistice is Signed!
End of WWI
Versailles
Germany punished – war guilt, reparations, and
disarmament
Leads to social and economic problems in
Germany
Wilson’s self-determination not granted around
the world, only eastern Europe (see map)
Colonial peoples are dissatisfied, leads to
independence movements (ex: Gandhi in India)
League of Nations
World War I Casualties
10,000,000
9,000,000
8,000,000
7,000,000
6,000,000
5,000,000
4,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
0
Russia
Germany
Austria-Hungary
France
Great Britain
Italy
Turkey
US
15,000,000 Dead from WWI
Another 20 million wounded
The Somme American
Cemetery, France
116,516 Americans Died
America becomes Isolationist