Transcript World War I - Somerville Public Schools

Mr. Williamson
Somerville HS
 MAIN – acronymn
 1. Militarism – policy of glorifying military power & values
 Example - When Germany increases its army/navy, Britain feels
like it has to the same
 An “Arms Race” or military buildup occurs
 2. Alliance System – Major Distrust in Europe
 Major powers sign treaties pledging to defend each other in
case of attack…called collective security
 Intended to promote peace by creating fear in armed conflict
 Two Major Alliances are Created
 Triple Alliance – Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire
(Central Powers)
 Triple Entente – Russia, Great Britain, France (Allied Powers)
 3. Imperialism increases global competition
 Countries seek outside land/resource interests in order to
improve economy/power
 Competition leads to greater conflict
 4. Nationalism increases tensions
 Strong feeling of pride/loyalty to a nation ethnic group
 Led countries to put their own interests first, rivalries begin
 Exit Ticket
 Based on the map exercise, select the alliance
that you think will be victorious in World War
I. Provide 3 pieces of evidence to support your
conclusion.
 Writing Challenge
 Compose a 2-paragraph letter to a family member from the
point of view from a soldier (either Allied or Central Powers).
 Use the format below to create your account:
 Dear…..,
 1st Paragraph – discuss your condition, your feelings, new
friends, where you are located. Use the Q&A/map/text to help
your writing.
 2nd Paragraph – describe the fighting that is taking place. Be
specific. What is the weather like? Describe the landscape of
the area. Use the video/Q&A/text to create a real scene
 Closing….Sincerely, _____________
 Armies dug multiple trench lines
 Front trench – machine guns, grenades
 Middle trench – supply area
 Back trench – reserve trench with weary soldiers, bathrooms,
medical care
 Area b/t enemy trenches “NO MAN’S LAND”
 A guaranteed casualty
 Life in the Trenches
 Muddy, dead bodies, overflowing bathrooms, lice, rats
 Led to disease and painful foot infections
 Trench Warfare – led to a long stalemate or deadlock where
neither side can advance
 New Weapons
 Poison Gas – blinded or choked its victims, blisters & burns
 Airplanes – Used to observe enemy movements (RECON), later
for bombing missions
 Submarines – U-Boats sank merchant/supply ships
 Nations realize in order to win the war, it would require all of
society’s resources
 “Total War” – Gov’ts began to take stronger control of citizen’s
lives
 Install new economic controls
 Civilians ration/conserve food/goods for military use
 Factories switch from peacetime to wartime production
 Gov’t seeks to control public opinion
 Use of propaganda, info designed to influence people’s
opinions
 Posters, articles, pamphlets, etc.
 Combat Methods Change
 Machine Gun – rapid fire weapon, did not take long to reload
 Armies could not attack head-on, open field offensives led to
quick deaths
 “Big Guns” – for long-range bombings, used to blast through
barb wire or spread poison gas
 Inflicted more than ½ of all casualties from WWI
 What was used in World War II?
 Poison Gas – used by both sides, caused blinding or severe
blisters, death. Would have to wear masks for protection
 Machine Gun – automatic weapon was much improved and was
very popular.
 Could wipe out waves of attackers, helped create a stalemate
 Tank – armored combat vehicle moving on chain tracks
 Airplane – used for photos of enemy lined then later for
bombing and first hand combat with other pilots
 Submarine – Known as U-Boats, used a torpedo (underwater
missle)
 Setting the Scene
 1914 – Europe has enjoyed about a century of relative peace
since the end of the French Revolution
 Taste of distrust is in Europe
 Major powers sign treaties pledging to defend each other in
case of attack
 Intended to promote peace by creating fear in armed conflict
 Two Major Alliances are Created
 Triple Alliance
 Triple Entente
 Triple Alliance – Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary
 German Chancellor Otto Van Bismarck believed that France
would not attack Germany without assistance.
 France wanted to avenge its defeat in the Franco-Prussian War
 As a result, he wanted assurances from other countries about
protection in case of attack
 In WWI, they would be known as the Central Powers.
 Triple Entente – France, Britain, Russia
 1904 – Britain/France signed an entente, nonbinding
agreement to follow common policies.
 Led to close military/political ties
 Russia would later sign a similar agreement with Britain.
 They would later become known as the ALLIES.
 Rivalries/Nationalism Increase Tension
 European powers guarded their status, competed for position
in many areas (military, economics, etc.)
 Economic Differences
 Germany is the newest of the great powers, Britain feels
threatened by their economic power. Germany feared Russia’s
size and resources would make it unbeatable
 Overseas Rivalries
 Competition for colonies in Africa between France/Germany
almost brought them to war. France strengthen ties with
Britain.
 International tensions on the rise…lead to buildup of military
 Britain/Germany become fierce military competitors and aim
to build the world’s biggest navy.
 An “Arms Race” follows and the rise of militarism painted
war in a romantic way.
 Nationalism – strong in both Germany/France
 Germany – new military strength, industrialization
 France – bitter of their defeat in the Franco-Prussian War,
wanted revenge, province of Alsace & Lorraine
 Eastern Europe – Russia sponsors a form of nationalism
called Pan-Slavism, holding the belief that all Slavic people
held a common nationality.
 Austria-Hungary/Ottoman Empire (Turkey) feel threatened by
the nearby nations (The Balkans, Serbia), could take territory
away from them
 1912 – Balkan states take large areas of Turkey but inner fighting
among these states led to raised tensions.
 The Powder Keg – Regional war would escalate into WWI or
the Great War
 Assassination in Sarajevo – Archduke Francis Ferdinand of
Austria- Hungary would visit Serbia. He was the heir to the
current Austria emperor.
 Serbs/Slavs viewed Austrians as foreign oppressors and did
not want the visit to happen.
 Archduke and his wife, though warned, are assassinated by
Gavrilo Princip of Black Hand, a terrorist group.
 The Reaction – Shocked, Austria-Hungary is hesitant for war.
 Kaiser Wilhelm II, now chancellor of Germany, is horrified of
the assassination of his ally and urges emperor to take a firm
stand and a “blank check” is given to Austria from Germany.
 Austria sends Serbia an ultimatum (final set of demands),
Serbia refuses on only a few conditions, Austria declares war.
 Alliances kick in – see p. 458 in green text if you are confused.
 Russia asks Austria to soften demands, they refuse and
mobilize its defense for Serbia, appeals to ally of France.
 France accepts as it wants revenge for their defeat from
Germany.
 In turn, Germany declares war on Russia/France as a result of
their alliance.
 Italy/Britain remain neutral at the start
 Germany wanted to crush France quickly because they would
have to fight a two-front war (east/west, Russia/France).
 Developed the Schlieffen Plan to march through Belgium,
encircle French Army.
 However, Britain/European powers signed a neutrality
agreement with Belgium. Once they were invaded by
Germany, Britain follows suit.
 Map Activity – P. 455 in Green Textbook
 Answer the following questions on your own:
 1. How many soldiers did the United Kingdom, France,
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Germany and Russia? Provide answers for each country.
2. Which alliance had more soldiers, the Central or Allied
Powers?
3. Name three cities in the Austria-Hungary empire.
4. List 4 neutral nations on the map.
5. What alliance was the Ottoman Empire associated with?
6. List the countries included in the Balkans.
7. Approximately, what is the distance between:
 Paris-Berlin
 Vienna-Sarajevo
 Constantinople-Budapest
 Great War becomes the largest conflict in history
 French – 8.5 million men
 British – 9 million
 Russian – 12 million
 German – 11 million
 Germans go through Belgium in order to sack Paris quickly,
they fail to capitalize on their invasion
 Schlieffen Plan fails for multiple reasons:
 Russia mobilized quicker than previously thought, Germany
had to fight both in the East/West
 British/French drove Germans back making quick victory
impossible
 Eastern Front
 Russia advances into Germany in 1914
 Suffers HEAVY losses, loses at Tannenburg
 Because of lack of industrialization, not equipped to fight
modern war
 1915 – Bulgaria joins the Central Powers and helps defeat Serbia
 Romania joins the Allies but is later crushed by Central Powers
 Italy declares war on Austria-Hungary, Germany
 Italy was promised Austrian lands by the Allies if victorious
 Battle of Carpetto – Italians suffered heavy losses but are bailed out
by the Allies in order to stop Central Powers advance
 Ottoman Empire joins the Central Powers, 1914
 Ottomans control the strait connecting the Black Sea to the
Mediterranean
 Called the Dardenelles, this was how the Allies got supplies to
Russia
 Battle of Gallipoli – Turks trapped Allies on the beach for 10
months resulting in 200k casualties. Allies withdraw from
the Dardenelles
 Role of Propaganda – played a significant role in creating
support for the war effort for all countries.
 Your task with your partner:
 Create a SIMPLE propaganda poster for your assigned country
 Create a pro-war message in your poster on why you think war
is the answer
 Use illustrations, pictures from the text to help you create your
poster
 Lastly, be creative and use the next slide to help you create your
propaganda poster.
 GOOD LUCK!
 1917 – European societies cracking under the strain of war
 Mass casualties, food shortages, stalemate drags on without
end
 Total War – Nations realized that this war required
channeling the nation’s entire resources into a war effort
 Gov’t took on a stronger role directing economic/political
policy. Raised taxes/borrowed $ to finance war
 The Draft (conscription) required all young men to be ready for
the military
 Navy Blockades were used to keep ships from carrying supplies
in and out of countries
 Lusitania – British sea liner torpedoed by German U-Boat carrying
1200 passengers, including 128 Americans
 Women’s Role – women take over jobs, keep the economy
rolling
 Worked in War Industries – weapons, supplies
 Nurses, Volunteers
 Gave women a new sense of pride/confidence
 Morale Collapses – Troops/Civilian Morale Plunges
 War Fatigue – large casualties, food shortages, failure of
generals
 Russian Revolution – distraction at home for Russia
 US Enters the War
 Historically supported Allies because of cultural ties
 German resumes unrestricted submarine warfare, President
Wilson is outraged
 1917 – The Zimmerman Note
 German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmerman send a note to his
ambassador in Mexico to propose that if Mexico aided the Central
Powers, they would help them recoup NM, TX, and AZ.
 Wilson’s 14 Points – Wilson’s goal to be a peacemaker
 Freedom of seas, free-trade, large reductions in arms, etc.
 League of Nations
 Victory at Last – US Enters, Allies launch a large attack
forcing Germany back across France/Belgium
 German generals inform the Kaiser that defeat is inevitable
 Uprisings force the Kaiser to step down, new gov’t in place
 New German government sought an ARMISTICE, or
agreement to stop fighting on 11/11/18 at 11am
 NOW KNOWN AS VETERAN’S DAY
 The Great War is over!
 “A Picture is Worth a Thousand Words”
 Using the following painting, create an account as if you were
the main soldier in this piece of art. Place yourselves in the
soldier’s shoes knowing what you know about the fighting,
weapons and trench warfare that was so popular during WWI,
create a diary entry/personal account of 2-3 paragraphs about
their/your current situation.
 GOOD LUCK!
 World Leaders arrive in France for the Paris Peace
Conference
 Costs of War – human/material costs are staggering
 Battle zones from France to Russia are completely destroyed
 Farms, factories, roads, churches in rubble
 Reconstruction would prove costly
 People are bitter about the war
 Allies BLAME the conflict on their enemies and force them to
pay reparations (payments for war damage) to the Allies
 The Peace Conference
 World leaders gather to discuss the fate of Europe
 Central Powers/Russia not allowed to take part in negotiations
 Leaders
 Woodrow Wilson – US, wanted his 14 Points Plan
 Georges Clemenceau – France
 David Lloyd George – Britain
 Land promised to Italy was not given as it violated “self-
determination”
 Various nationalities of the Ottoman, Russia, Austria-Hungary
empire made it difficult to build nations around them
 League of Nations, Wilson’s idea, would be created for
collective security
 Treaty of Versailles – June 1919, Allies order new German
gov’t to sign the treaty they had drawn up. Had to sign it,
they had no choice.
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Germany had to accept full-blame of the war
Huge reparations bill
Cut the size of German military
Give back Alsace Lorraine to France
Lose their overseas colonies
 Treaty left widespread dissatisfaction, leading to a greater
conflict in the future
 Birth of the League of Nations – more than 40 nations join.
Agreed to negotiate disputes rather than resort to war
 Based on the reading, answer the following questions on a
separate piece of paper with your partner:
1. Germany was unable to send representatives
to the Treaty of Versailles negotiations. Do you
believe this is a fair practice? Explain.
2. Of the 6 terms of the Treaty summarized for
you, which three (3) do you feel are the
harshest? Be able to briefly explain your
rationale for each.
3. List 3-4 key words/phrases that describe how
Germans felt toward the Treaty.
 In your groups, each individual student will have a choice of
creating 1 of the below assessments on the Treaty. People in
the same group CANNOT DO THE SAME CHALLENGE.
 1. Write a letter to a relative (from the perspective of a German
mother-father) about the Treaty of Versailles and your
unhappiness with the terms of the agreement. 2 paragraphs!
 2. Create a newspaper headline and small informational
article about the treaty itself, the terms and its effect on
Germany. 2 paragraphs!
 3. Create a visual/cartoon on the Treaty of Versailles and its
effect on the German people. No color is necessary. Be creative!
 Hint: Create rough drafts, use notebook, share ideas
with teammates Treaty of Versailles summary sheet.
rubric to be distributed, also online. 20 points
 Based on the discussions in class, create your own “Treaty of
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Versailles” with a minimum of at least 8 points that will be the
basis of the Post-WWI Peace Agreement. Brainstorm then
place onto the provided poster.
Be sure to take into account all stakeholders (winners, losers,
etc.) when creating your peace agreement. Think about the
viewpoints discussed yesterday/today and goal of a lasting
peace.
Also, compose a 1-2 paragraph response on how your treaty
differs from the one created at the Paris Peace Conference.
Refer to yesterday’s handout!
Lastly, your group will present both at the end of class today.
Small Project Grade – 15 points (5 for each – poster, response,
presentation)