Transcript 1 H. Kirwan 2/25/2002

H. Kirwan
2/25/2002
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The following presentation used the resources listed below.
TAFE Module “NBB02 OH&S”
OTEN Publication “Hazards at work”
The graphics have been copied from the above
publications, various safety sites on the www the DEET
site, Workcover and Worksafe sites around Australia.
Any queries or problems should be sent to:
Henry Kirwan
Teacher of Metal Fabrication & Welding
Mount Druitt TAFE
Ph 92086319
Email [email protected]
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Occupational Health and
Safety
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OH&S Legislation
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Enterprise policies, procedures and legislative
requirements
Brief History of Present OH&S Legislation
In June 1981 a commission of Inquiry for the NSW Government into
the effectiveness of existing OH&S legislation recommended that
the Act:
1.
Apply to all Workplaces
2.
Apply to all Employees
3.
Promote workplace improvements
4.
Provide a framework for replacing old prescriptive legislation
with simpler legislation.
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Enterprise policies, procedures and legislative
requirements
Brief History of Present OH&S Legislation
A new act was introduced in 1983.This act became known as the
“NSW Occupational Health & Safety Act 1983”
On September 1st 2001 this act was replaced by the “NSW
Occupational health and Safety Act 2000”
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Enterprise policies, procedures and legislative
requirements
The OH&S act aims to:
1.
Ensure the health, safety and welfare of employees
2.
Protect other people, at the workplace, visitors etc
3.
Promote a working environment for employees which is
adapted to their physical & psychological needs.
4.
Ensures use of Codes of Practice, Standards and joint
consultation to improve workplace health and safety
5.
Review all other associated legislation so that it may be
progressively updated and included in the OH&S Act
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Enterprise policies, procedures and legislative
requirements
OH&S Regulations
Regulations have been made under the principal Acts governing
OH&S in each state and territory and the Commonwealth.
Regulations deal with specific issues relevant to OH&S in greater
detail than they are dealt in the Act itself. For example issues
such as:
1.
Manual handling
2. First aid
3.
Accident notification
4. Asbestos
etc can be covered by enactment of Regulations
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Enterprise policies, procedures and legislative
requirements
Standards
Standards are advisory or technical documents which set out the
minimum acceptable levels of performance or quality in
relation to a specific hazard, work process, industry or
product.There are two main sources of standards relevant to
OH&S in Australia. They are:
1.
Worksafe Australia a national body working towards Australia
wide uniformity in OH&S through consultation.
2.
Standards Australia, a private organisation which sets
standards in consultation with overseas standard bodies and
relevant Australian working parties.
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Enterprise policies, procedures and legislative
requirements
Codes of Practice
Codes of Practice are produced by Worksafe Australia or the
various states and territories. They are documents which provide
advice to employers on how they can achieve the minimum
acceptable level of performance set in Standards or in Regulations.
Standards do not have the force of legislation unless they are
specifically called up in legislation. Codes of Practice can, however,
be used in court by the state and OH&S authorities as evidence
that an organisation is not meeting minimum requirements for
OH&S.
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Enterprise policies, procedures and legislative
requirements
Responsibilities for OH&S (Employers)
Protection of Employees.
1.
Provide safe plant, equipment and system of work and
maintain it properly.
2.
Substances in the workplace are safely used, handled, stored
and transported.
3.
Adequate safe access and exits are maintained.
4.
Training and supervision given to ensure employees can
perform their duties safely.
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Enterprise policies, procedures and legislative requirements
Responsibilities for OH&S (Employers)
Protection of Employees.
5.
Look after the health and safety of visitors.
6.
Provide and maintain a safe and healthy work environment.
7.
Provide information to employees about any plant, equipment or
substances used in the workplace.
Information such as:
a.
precautions and conditions needed for their safe use.
b. Potential health and safety problems arising from their use.
c.
The results of any research carried out on substances.
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Enterprise policies, procedures and legislative requirements
Responsibilities for OH&S (Employees)
All Employees have the right to safe and healthy workplace and to be
protected from behaviour by others which may endanger them.
Employees have two main OH&S responsibilities placed on them.
These are to:
1.
Take reasonable care in relation to the health and safety of other
people at their place of work..
2.
Cooperate with the employer and others with responsibilities
under OH&S legislation in their efforts to provide a safe and
healthy workplace.
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Enterprise policies, procedures and legislative requirements
Responsibilities for OH&S (Employees)
These responsibilities mean that employees should not:
1.
Behave in a way that someone could be injured (e.g. throw tools,
threaten someone with a high pressure hose etc)
2.
Refuse to follow work practices designed for their protection and
protection of others (e.g. refuse to wear hearing protectors, follow
SOP’s etc)
3.
Intentionally or recklessly interfere with or misuse anything
provided in the interests of OH&S and welfare (e.g. remove
machine guards, modify equipment without permission etc)
4.
Permanently disengage the stop button on a piece of machinery or
equipment.
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Enterprise policies, procedures and legislative requirements
OH&S Committees
OH&S legislation provides for two mechanisms for consultation. OH&S
committee and health and safety representatives. It also provides for
the training of committee members and health and safety
representatives.
Committees are generally composed of both nominated employer
representatives and elected employee representatives.
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Enterprise policies, procedures and legislative requirements
Functions of an OH&S Committees
1.
2.
Conducting workplace inspections on a regular basis and after
accidents or dangerous occurrences.
Providing advice on solutions to OH&S problems
3.
Accompanying the inspector during any inspection by a
government authority.
4.
Reviewing OH&S information such as Material Data Safety Sheets
and injury and illness statistics..
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Enterprise policies, procedures and legislative requirements
Functions of an OH&S Committees
5.
Providing advice on OH&S policies and programmes.
6.
Consulting on the health and safety aspects of proposed changes to
the workplace.
7.
Recommending OH&S training.
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Remember SAFETY is the responsibility of
both Employees and Employers.
It requires cooperation and ongoing
communication between both parties to
ensure a safe and healthy workplace.
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Workplace Hazards
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Safe practices in the workplace
Types of Workplace Hazards
There a Six major Workplace Hazards.
1.
Physical
2.
Chemical
3.
Ergonomic
4.
Radiation
5.
Psychological
6.
Biological
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Types of Workplace Hazards
Physical
1.
Noise
2.
Vibration
3.
Lighting
4.
Heat or cold
5.
Fire, explosion
6.
Dust
7.
Confined spaces
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Types of Workplace Hazards
Chemical
1.
Gases
2.
Dusts
3.
Fumes
4.
Vapours
5.
Liquids
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Types of Workplace Hazards
Ergonomic
1.
Tool design
2.
Equipment design
3.
Task design
4.
Handling
5.
Work station location
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Types of Workplace Hazards
Radiation
1.
Infra Red
2.
Ultra violet
3.
Lasers
4.
X Rays
5.
Gamma rays
6.
Microwaves
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Types of Workplace Hazards
Psychological
1.
Shiftwork
2.
Workload
3.
Dealing with the public
4.
Harassment
5.
Discrimination
6.
Threats
7.
Low level of constant noise
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Types of Workplace Hazards
Biological
1.
Infections
2.
Bacteria
3.
Viruses, hepatitis etc,
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All work sites have hazards associated with
them, these are hazards that you will need to be
aware of:
Confined spaces
High noise levels
Moving machinery
Conveyors
Heat
Robots
Chemicals
Fumes
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Workplace Hazards
The following is general information that relates to engineering
workshops including workshops on TAFE premises. The principles
also apply to most workplaces including building sites.
Safety First: This term is in common use to describe an attitude of
mind which should control all personal actions, conscious and
subconscious. The objective is to prevent an accident to oneself or to
others in the work place.
Some people readily acquire safety habits some do not.
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Workplace Hazards
If an Individual is the basic cause of accidents, the attitude of that person
towards work and fellow employees must be examined. Accidents can be
caused by the following behavior:
Recklessness (foolhardiness)
Selfishness
Indifference
Laziness
Nervousness and excitability
Impatience
Ignorance of safe practices
Temper
Willful intent to damage or injure
Deliberate failure to understand instructions
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Workplace Hazards
Conditions that may help prevent accidents and reduce injury are:
An Adequately lit workshop
An orderly and tidy workshop
Think Safety
Being mentally alert at all times
A knowledge of First Aid
Correct personal protective clothing (PPE)
Not wearing jewellery around moving machinery or electricity
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Workplace Hazards
In the workshop :
Do not skylark or distract others.
Never take part in practical jokes. (Some jokes have led to fatalities)
Do not walk on loosely stacked material
Do not stand or walk under overhead loads.
Do not approach scaffolding on which people are working
Beware of slippery surfaces.
Use the handrails provided when using stairways.
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Workplace Hazards
Machine Operations :
Do not remove guards from machine when using them.
Have electrical control gear inspected by authorised persons
Familiarise yourself with the emergency stop button an any machine
Do not wear gloves unless the process requires it.
Safety shields should be fitted to all abrasive wheels
Abrasive wheel should be maintained in a true condition .
Do not stand in front on an abrasive wheel when turning it on.
Do not use cotton waste to grip material when grinding.
Do not exert pressure on the side of an abrasive wheel.
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Workplace Hazards
Hand Tools :
Use hand tools for the purpose that they were intended for.
Remove loose or damaged handles and replace them.
Never hold a screwdriver in one hand and material in the other when
using it.
Remove all mushroom heads from chisel and punches before using them.
Do not use loosely fitting spanners.
Check that pliers are insulated before working on electrical connections. .
When using a knife always cut away from yourself
Ensure that work is secure in a vice before working on it.
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Workplace Hazards
General Hints :
Switch off machines before oiling or making minor adjustments.
Size up any load before lifting. Do not overestimate your personal
strength.
Do not overload hand trucks, fasten load and check travel lane is clear.
Check cotton waste before using it. It may contain metal shavings or oil.
Check all machinery before using it, the previous operator may not have
left in a good condition.
Do not adjust or repair any electrical equipment that you are not trained
for..
Know the location and type of fire extinguishers in your workplace.
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House Keeping
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In order to minimise or
eliminate hazards, good
Housekeeping is essential.
Good House Keeping Means
1.
Fewer accidents
2.
Better moral
3.
People stay at the company longer
4.
Less damage to materials
5.
Working more efficiently
6.
Less risk of fire/explosion
7.
Work is less tiresome
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Housekeeping
Good House Keeping Means
8.
Better work methods
9.
Pride in the organisation
10.
Staff get on well together
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Housekeeping
Good House Keeping can be maintained by
1.
Regular housekeeping inspections
2.
Problems listed,
3.
Solutions to problems discussed before
implementation of new procedures
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Housekeeping
To Maintain General Cleanliness and Hygiene
1.
Keep pathways clear
2.
Keep floors clean of oil grease etc
3.
Remove dust and fibres as safely as possible
4.
Rubbish bins to be emptied regularly
5.
Dispose of trade waste correctly
6.
Store items in their proper containers
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Housekeeping
To Maintain General Cleanliness and Hygiene
7.
Keep change rooms clean
8.
Toilets and washrooms to be maintained
9.
Warning notices to be appropriately placed
10.
Keep notice boards up to date
11.
First aid kits to be stocked regularly
12.
Up date safety posters on a regular basis.
Smoking is only permitted in designated areas.
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PPE
Personal Protective Equipment
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Personal Protective clothing (PPE)
When a hazard has been identified and all the various
levels of control have been looked at without finding a
way to eliminate or control the hazard, the last line of
protection is the use of Personal Protective Equipment.
PPE, in the form of clothing or equipment, is often the
only possible means of control (especially in a field
situation). It can be a solution to a temporary hazard
and an interim measure until more effective controls can
be put in place
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Personal Protective clothing (PPE)
PPE should be used to protect
the following parts and body
functions of the body.
1. Skin
3. Body
2. Head
4. Hearing
5. Feet
6. Breathing
7. Eyes
8. Hands
Hearing
Body
Head
Hands
Skin
Eyes
Breathing
Feet
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Personal Protective clothing (PPE)
The following PPE is
compulsory in the factory
Safety Footwear
Eye Protection
Hearing protection
Overalls or trousers, &
long sleeved shirts.
Industrial quality
Hearing
Body
Head
Hands
Skin
Eyes
Breathing
Feet
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Personal Protective clothing (PPE)
The following PPE is to be worn when carrying out
specific tasks.
Wet weather gear for outside work as required
Approved Welding shield/goggles for welding and cutting
Approved Breathing apparatus for cleaning and spraying
Waterproof gloves, aprons, face shields for washing down
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Confined Spaces
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Confined Spaces
There may be times when you will be required to
work in what may be termed a confined space. Numerous
deaths have occurred throughout industry from employees
working in confined spaces. Also concern is that people
attempting to rescue others from confined spaces have
succumbed to the hazards themselves.
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Confined Spaces
The Occupational Health and Safety
Regulation 2001, Part 4.3 Division 9, clause 68
states:
An Employer must ensure that no person enters a
confined space or that work is not carried out
inside or on the outside of a confined space if:
(a) There is a risk to the health and safety of a
person entering, occupying or working on the
surface of the confined space, or
(b) there is a risk of fire or explosion, and the risk
has not been controlled as required by this
Regulation
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Confined Spaces
A confined space is a space of any volume which:
Is not intended as a regular workplace
Has restricted means of exit and entry
May have inadequate ventilation and/or an
atmosphere which is either contaminated or
oxygen deficient
Is at atmospheric pressure during occupancy
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Confined Spaces
Examples of confined spaces include:
Storage tanks, boilers, silos
Access pits, pipes, tunnels, shafts
Open topped spaces of more than 1,5m in depth
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Confined Spaces
Hazards of confined spaces usually include
Where oxygen has been replaced by another gas
Presence of harmful contaminants such as
hydrogen, carbon monoxide etc
Corrosive or noxious liquids or solids
Electricity or other hazards
Possibility of fire or explosion from explosive
mixtures
Absence of emergency assistance
Inadequately trained or equipped assistants
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Confined Spaces
In addition, working in confined spaces exposes operators
to other hazards such as:
Noise
Excessive temperature variation
Radiation
Slips
Trips
Falls
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Confined Spaces
Working in a confined space.
Obtain permission before entering (Work Permit)
Have an assistant outside to observe and raise alarm
if required.
Supply ventilation by forced draught
Gas cylinders and welding equipment to be kept
outside
Electrical tools and lighting (32 Volt maximum)
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Confined Spaces
30 May 1997
Safety Alert On LP Gas Cylinders
The Acting General Manager of WorkCover, Mr John Horder, today
warned that all LP Gas cylinders should be secured and not kept in
confined spaces.
Mr Horder said: "Without prejudicing WorkCover's investigations into
today's tragedy, I have been advised to warn tradespeople particularly
that they should not carry the cylinders in tool boxes.
"The valves on these cylinders can become loose as a result of jarring
and the smallest spark, even from opening a door, can ignite the leaking
gas and in an enclosed space such as a van, it turns into a lethal bomb.
"People should ensure the valves are off, the cylinders are upright, are
secured and are not in a confined space and that there are no leaks."
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Permit to Work
Before work can begin in a confined space or area it is
the employees responsibility to apply for an Entry
Permit. This permit will be issued by a designated
officer or supervisor.
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Permit to Work
The Occupational Health and Safety Regulation
2001, Part 4.3 Division 9, Clause 72 states:
(1) An employer must ensure that no person enters or
works in or on a confined space unless authorised by
an entry permit given by the employer. This permit
must be in writing
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Safety Signs
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Safety Signs
Throughout the workshop you will observe
various Safety Signs and Posters. Safety
Signs are covered by AS1319.
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Safety Signs
Signs are designated according to use, they
can be:
Mandatory Signs
Warning Signs
Prohibition Signs
Fire Signs
General Information Signs
Danger Signs
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Safety Signs
Mandatory Signs
These signs use Symbols or Pictograms, depicted in
white on a blue background. These signs specify that an
instruction must be carried out.
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Safety Signs
Warning Signs
These signs use a black symbol on a yellow background.
These signs are to warn of a hazard that is not likely to
be life threatening.
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Safety Signs
Prohibition Signs
These signs use a Red annulus and slash. A black action
symbol is used to indicate what is prohibited.
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Safety Signs
Fire Signs
Advise the location of fire alarms and fire fighting
equipment. White symbol on red background..
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Safety Signs
General Information Signs
Not covered by AS1319, but are used to communicate
information of a general nature and often relate to
housekeeping or company practices.
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Safety Signs
Danger Signs
These are a warning when the hazard is likely to be life
threatening. The word DANGER is placed inside a red
ellipse.
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Isolation and
Tagging
Procedures
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Isolation and Tagging Procedures
All work on mechanical installations and
equipment should be undertaken with the power
(Mechanical or Electrical) isolated from the plant being
worked on.
Isolation means turning off the machine, the
circuit or apparatus to be worked on. By ensuring there
is no power to the plant, the operator, or person
carrying out repairs should no suffer an injury.
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Isolation and Tagging Procedures
To isolate plant, a number of important
procedures need to be implemented including tagging
systems, lock-out systems and special operating
procedures.
The personal Danger Tag is used for
tagging electrical and non-electrical equipment.
It is attached to the means of isolation to prevent
unauthorised or inadvertent operation of the
equipment being repaired or installed.
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Isolation and Tagging Procedures
The Occupational Health and Safety Regulation
2001, Part 5.4 Division 3, Clause 136 states:
(1) An employer must ensure that:
(a) If access to plant is required for the purpose of
maintenance, cleaning or repair, the plant is stopped
and one or more of the following measures is used so
as to control risks to health and safety:
Lockout or isolation devices
Danger tags
Permit to work systems
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Isolation and Tagging Procedures
Removal of Tags
A Danger Tag may only be removed by the person
whose signature is in the tag.
Procedure
Check that all equipment is safe to be engaged.
Notify all personnel that the equipment will be engaged, including the area
supervisor.
Remove isolating lock and personal danger tag.
Do NOT remove any other person’s lock or tag
Do NOT operate any equipment while a danger tag is in place.
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Isolation and Tagging Procedures
Removal of Tags
If the person who placed the Danger Tag is away, only
supervisors or other authorised people can remove the
Danger Tag. But first they must:
Acquaint themselves with the reasons for the tag being attached
Carry out all necessary inspections and tests on the circuits/equipment.
Ensure that the equipment may be operated without danger to
people or equipment.
Ensure that all persons associated with the work are informed of
their actions.
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OUT OF SERVICE Tags
OUT OF SERVICE TAGS are used to advise that a piece of
equipment is out of service. It may be to protect the equipment
from damage or advise that it has been isolated.
To ensure that it cannot be used, the tag should be applied to the
main isolator of the equipment and be applied prior to any
DANGER TAGS
Only the PERSON in charge of the equipment at the time the
TAG is to be removed may remove the TAG
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OUT OF SERVICE Tags
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OUT OF SERVICE Tags
To use the OUT OF SERVICE TAG:- complete every section on
the TAG
Reason for the TAG
Date of the TAG being placed
Name of the person placing the TAG
Signature of the person placing the TAG
Once the job is complete and all SAFETY TAGS have been
removed, the person in charge of the equipment at that time
removes the TAG
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OUT OF SERVICE Tags
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CAUTION Tags
Caution Tags are used to advise that equipment has been modified
or in need of maintenance.
It is a two (2) sided tag. Only one side is used at a time and a
line is drawn through the other side to show the information has
been updated.
Equipment may be used with a caution tag in place so long as
the precautions on the tag are followed.
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CAUTION Tags
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CAUTION Tags
To use the CAUTION TAG complete every section ON ONE
SIDE OF THE TAG.
Defect
Date the Tag was placed
Name of the person placing the Tag
Precautions to be taken
Signature of the person
placing the Tag
If necessary, raise a maintenance requisition to ensure that the
equipment is repaired.
The Tag may only be removed once the maintenance is
complete or modification understood.
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CAUTION Tags
Linisher spindle No 2 not
running true.
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Primary Isolation
The danger Tag and/or Lock-Out Isolation procedure must
be used to isolate all equipment.:
Notify the operator that work is to be carried out.
Identify the isolation points
Turn isolating switch/valve to the off (closed) position.
Attach padlock and personal danger tag.
Ensure that it is easily seen by any person attempting to start the
equipment.
Retain the padlock key.
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Primary Isolation
Primary Isolation MUST be carried out before work is
commenced on any equipment that could be dangerous
e.g.:
Electrical Equipment.
Machinery
Pipelines
Remember: Only you can remove your personal
Danger Tag or Lock
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Risk
Management
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Risk Management
Hazards Identification & Reporting
Hazard identification and assessment can be improved through
hazard and incident reporting. Analysis of accident reports
allows identification of problem areas by looking at the illness
and injury types and rates occurring in the workplace.
Accidents are defined as events which result in death, injury, illness
or property damage or which could have resulted in any of the
above. The word accident is often used to describe near misses.
‘Near misses’ are better described as ‘near hits’
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Risk Management
Components of Hazards Identification
A register of all plant and equipment should be maintained
Develop a task list
Analysis all available information about the plant or task
Organise regular workplace inspections
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Risk Management
Risk Assessment
A risk is the outcome of a hazard
A Risk assessment must assess risks arising from
Systems of work associated with plant/task where a hazard was
identified
The layout and condition of the work environment where
the plant/task is to be used/performed
The capability, skills, experience of the operator
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Risk Management
Risk Assessment
Undertaking Risk Assessment
Produce a list of all tasks
For each task, identify the Hazard/Risk relationship
The capability, skills, experience of the operator
For each risk establish:
A Risk probability (very likely, likely, unlikely)
Risk consequence, life threatening, lost time etc
Prioritise the risk (high, medium, low)
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Risk Management
Risk Assessment
Documenting Risk Assessment
Documents to be kept should include:
Any documents related to hazard identification
Any documents related to risk assessment
Keeping Risk Assessment Records
Risk assessment records are legal documents and should be
kept for at least 10 years.
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Emergency &
Evacuation
Procedures
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Emergency and evacuation procedures
Evacuation is a most important way of saving lives in an emergency
since it removes the people from the threat. The main reasons for
evacuation are in the case of fire, chemical hazards or bomb threats. It
is important to remember that widespread smoke is also a serious
hazard and sufficient reason for evacuation.
All organisations should have evacuation procedures as part
of their emergency management strategy.
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Fires and Extinguishers
One of the most feared emergencies is fire because of the speed with
which it can start and travel and the devastation which it can cause.
Fire is the rapid combustion of materials accompanied by the
release of large amounts of energy in the form of heat and
light. It is also accompanied by smoke and other toxic
substances which in themselves can be lethal.
Most people who die in fires die from the effects of smoke
inhalation rather than from heat of flames
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Fires and Extinguishers
Fires are divided into four different classes.
Class A.
Involving solid materials, e.g. timber, paper etc.
Class B.
Involving liquids, e.g. petrol oil, cooking fat etc.
Class C.
Involving flammable gases, e.g. acetylene, propane.
Class D.
Special category, magnesium, aluminum etc.
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Fires and Extinguishers
Fires need 3 elements to start. The elements must also be in the correct
proportions for the fire to start.
*Heat to reach ignition point
*Oxygen, without which combustion cannot occur.
*Fuel
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Fires and Extinguishers
Examples of causes of workplace fires
* Electrical malfunctions in machinery
* Incorrect storage of incompatible materials
* Friction
* Dust or vapor reaching reaching explosive concentrations
* Smoking in areas where flammable material is stored
* Failure to extinguish cigarettes before disposing of them
* Welding or flame cutting in an area with flammable materials
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Fires and Extinguishers
Extinguishers
Extinguishers are colour coded according to their contents
and purpose. They are usually placed near exits and near
where they would be used.
It is important to use the right type of extinguisher on a fire.
If the wrong type is used it may spread the fire.
You should find out what type and locations of fire
extinguishers in your workplace.
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Fires and Extinguishers
Wood Paper and Plastic fires.
For fires involving ordinary combustibles, the best extinguisher is
water.
Electrical Fires
Electrical fires should be fought using a dry chemical powder. Carbon
Dioxide is often used. Never use water on an electrical fire.
Liquid Fires
Flammable liquids should be fought with foam, dry chemical or carbon
dioxide extinguishers. Do not use water on flammable liquid fires as it
will only cause the fire to spread.
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Fires and Extinguishers
Extinguishers should be properly maintained and must always be
recharged after use.
If you use an extinguisher, make sure your supervisor or workplace
committee is advised so that bit can be recharged.
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Fighting a fire.
All employees should be aware of the company’s procedures for
reporting and dealing with fires.
Ask your supervisor to explain them to you. Knowing these may save
you life or the lives of your workmates.
In most workplaces, the FIRE response (fight, inform, return, evacuate)
is a suitable way for employees to react to a fire. It needs to be sensibly
applied not to risk lives unnecessarily. Lives are more important than
property.
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Fighting a fire.
Fight: If the fire is small and it is safe to do so, attempt to fight the fire.
If the fire is too big to fight safely, go to the next step.
Inform: Report the fire. Inform the person/organisation nominated in
your emergency procedures. This could be the switchboard, 000
emergency number of area supervisor.
Return: If safe to do so, and the fire was not put out in the first place,
return to the area and attempt to contain the fire if possible.
Evacuate: If the fire has not been contained, evacuate the workplace in
an orderly manner according to the company’s evacuation procedures.
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Emergencies at work.
Emergencies are unplanned critical events that could cause serious
injury, illness, death and property damage, sometimes on a large scale.
Workplace emergencies include:
Chemical spills
Fires
Medical causalities from accidents, chemical spills etc
Bomb scares
Explosions
External dangerous occurrences (e.g. a toxic gas leak from a tanker
accident
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Ladders
Ladders are commonly used within workplaces and numerous accidents
arise from incorrect use. Ladders should be used for gaining height in
preference to furniture or boxes which are easily overbalanced.
This is very important where electricity is used. All metal ladders and
wooden ladders with wire reinforcement must not be used where there
is any chance of them coming into contact with live electrical parts.
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Ladders
Selecting a Ladder
Ladders should:
 Be used at a slope of no greater than 4:1
* Extend a metre above the surface to be reached (if an extension ladder)
* Not require a person to stand higher than a metre or three steps (rungs)
from the top of the ladder. (If a step ladder)
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Ladders
Checking a Ladder
Before a ladder is used, ensure that is is free of:
Loose steps or rungs
Slippery steps or rungs
Cracks or splits in side rails (stiles)
Loosened nails, screws, bolts, straps or hinges.
Damaged or missing ties
Defective fittings, ropes, pulleys etc
Looseness or excessive play.
Do not use damaged or defective ladders. Danger tag damaged ladders
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Ladders
Storage of Ladders (some important point to remember)
Store in a cool well ventilated area out of the weather
Store in a horizontal position and support to prevent sagging
Ladders over 5m should be carried by 2 people
Do not carry tools in you hand when on a ladder
Do not use a ladder in windy conditions
Ladders should be tied at the top and bottom to prevent slipping
When ascending and descending use both hands
Do not use damaged or defective ladders. Danger tag damaged ladders
Do not leave ladders unattended
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Manual Handling
What is Manual Handling
Defined as: any activity requiring the use of force exerted by a
person to lift, lower, push, pull, carry or otherwise move, hold or
restrain any animate or inanimate object.
Where are Manual Handling Hazards Found
Most activities contain manual handling components:
In the office, packing unpacking a photo copier
In a factory, stacking racks or pallets
On a construction site, carrying bricks, pushing a barrow.
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Manual Handling
The Effects of Manual Handling
In 1981, the National Health and Medical Research Council
reported that:
Back pain is the greatest single cause of time loss attributed to
work in Australian industry. The onset of symptoms often bears no
relation to a particular incident. It is frequently recurrent and the
consequences of repeated and cumulative accidental and postural
stresses encountered not only at work but also in the home, in
recreation and in travel.
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Manual Handling
Activities which may lead to back injury are:
Lifting and carrying loads
Carrying, stacking, pushing, pulling, rolling, sliding, wheeling loads.
Operating levers and other mechanical devices
Maintaining an unbalanced posture while performing these tasks.
The majority of back injuries occur from lifting and carrying and may cause
permanent disability to the spine and interveretebral discs. Over-exertion
can lead to hernia, joint injuries, fractures or spinal injury.
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Manual Handling
Correct lifting involves six basic principles:
1. Plan the Lift
Assess whether the load needs to be moved
Assess the load (size, shape and weight)
Where it is going to be placed? Check that there are no obstructions
Assess whether mechanical or human assistance is required
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Manual Handling
Correct lifting involves six basic principles:
2. Work out the best way to lift the object
Maintain balance
Keep feet apart and in a comfortable position
Avoid any unnecessary bending, twisting and reaching
Minimise lower back bending
Achieve lift smoothly and without jerkiness
Bend knees preferably at as large an angle as possible, but not a right
angle.
Maintain normal curvature of the spine.
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Manual Handling
Correct lifting involves six basic principles:
3. Get a Secure Grip
The whole hand should be used to ensure a firm grip
4. Pull the Load in Close to the Body
It is important when lifting to have the centre of gravity of the load as
close to the abdomen (near the pelvis) to prevent excessive stress on the
back and to use the strongest muscles of the arms to hold the load.
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Manual Handling
Correct lifting involves six basic principles:
5. Alternate Heavy Handling Tasks with Lighter Work
Jobs should be designed to prevent putting heavy stress on the same
muscles. During the work shift, heavier handling tasks should be
alternated with lighter tasks to allow the muscles recover.
6. Team Lifting
To share the load lifting partners should be similar in height and build and
be trained in team lifting techniques. The lift should be planned and a
person nominated as a team leader to coordinate the lift.
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Chemical hazards
What are Chemical Hazards:
Hazardous substances and dangerous goods are all substances used or
produced at work which have potential to harm the health and/or safety of
workers, visitors or the community. They can be gases, liquids, solids,
fumes, dusts, fibres or vapours, and they can be pure substances or mixtures.
They can be either manufactured or naturally occurring substances.
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Chemical hazards
Classes of Dangerous Goods:
Class 1: Explosives
Class 2: Gases
Class 2:1 Flammable gases
Class 2:2 Non flammable gases
Class 2:3 Poisonous gases
Class 3: Flammable liquids
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Chemical hazards
Classes of Dangerous Goods:
Class 4: Flammable solids
Class 4:1 Flammable
Class 4:2 Spontaneously combustible
Class 4:3 Emits flammable gases when wet
Class 5: Oxidising Substances
Class 5:1 Oxidising agents
Class 5:2 Organic peroxides
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Chemical hazards
Classes of Dangerous Goods:
Class 6: Poisonous and infective substances
Class 6:1 Poisonous
Class 6:2 Store away from foodstuffs
Class 6:3 Infectious
Class 7: Radioactive substances
Class 8: Corrosives
Class 9: Miscellaneous dangerous substances
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Material Safety Data Sheets
What is a MSDS:
Material Safety Data Sheets (often called MSDS) are information sheets
which are prepared and supplied by the manufacturer or supplier of a
substance. The intention is to provide information to users of that substance
about its properties and uses, health effects, precautions for use, safe
handling, emergency procedures and other factors related to the health and
safe use of those substances.
How can they be obtained.:
Ask the supplier or manufacturer to send one out. Manufacturers and
suppliers often employ technical people who can also help with further
information or explanations
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Noise
The Insidious Threat
Noise is one of the most significant industrial hazards. Worksafe Australia
reports that noise induced hearing loss is the most frequent occurring
compensable disease.
Workplace noise costs industry approx $35 million per year nationally. This
figure does not include the cost to organisations of such things as increased
staff turnover and absenteeism, lowered performance and possible
contribution to accidents if, for example, warning signs are not heard. It also
does not include the personal cost to individuals and families. All up the
cost is approx $70 million per year.
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Noise
What is Noise?
Noise can be defined as any unwanted or damaging sound in the
environment. Noise varies from nuisance noise ( that which stops an
employee from comfortably using the telephone) to loud industrial noise that
can damage hearing.
Most sound, including workplace noise, is composed of a number of
different frequencies. Machine noise, however, is usually made up of one or
more dominant frequencies. Fore example, an electricity transformer mostly
emits low frequency sound which is heard as a deep hum while something
like a band saw produces high frequency noise.
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Noise
What is Noise?
Noise can be continuous or impulsive. Continuous noise is produced by, for
example, continuously running plant, while impulsive noise occurs in bursts
such as a sudden release of steam or sudden metal contact as with hammers.
Both type of noise can be damaging to your hearing.
The human ear can detect a huge range of sound pressures and has a wide
frequency response. In most people this ranges from 15Hz at the lower end
to 16,000 Hz at the upper end. The ear does not hear all frequencies with
equal sensitivity; it is most sensitive to the middle frequencies. The noise
pressure level from the lowest and the highest must be very high if it is to be
heard..
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Noise
The Ear
The ear is divided into 3 sections:
 The Outer ear, pinna, ear canal, and eardrum
 The Middle ear, 3 bones, malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup)
 Inner ear, cochlea and semicircular canals.
Exposure to noise can cause loss of hearing through damage to the inner ear,
the bones of the middle ear or the eardrum. Hearing loss can develop
gradually over a period of years or can be instantaneous if the intensity of
the noise is sufficiently severe.
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Noise
Measuring Noise Levels
The human ear can detect a large range of
sound pressure levels varying from 0dB
(the threshold of hearing) to 130dB (the
threshold of pain) and beyond.
Note Noise levels over 130dB can cause
immediate and permanent damage to
hearing.
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Noise
Measuring Noise Levels
Sound waves travelling through the air create minute fluctuations of pressure
which are called sound pressure. The amount of pressure is interpreted by
the ear as the level of sound or noise. Sound (acoustic) pressure levels are
measured according to a logarithmic scale called the decibel (dB) scale.
Because it is a logarithmic scale, a doubling of sound pressure levels results
in an increase of 3dB. For example, a noise level of 90dB has double the
intensity of noise of 87dB
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Noise
Measuring Noise Levels
Daily Noise Dose
Employees daily exposure to to noise
Calculated on noise level and length of exposure
 Daily noise dose of one (1) is traditionally defined as equivalent to 90dB
(A) over a period of 8 hours. This is the maximum noise exposure level
currently allowed in some states.
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Noise
Measuring Noise Levels
Where is noise found.
Moving mechanical parts
Compressed air, gases, steam
Motors
Metals colliding
Friction between materials.
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Noise
Workplaces Most Significantly affected by Noise
Manufacturing, metal products
Mining
Shipbuilding
Transport other than road travel
High Production shops.
Even office workers are exposed to noise, photocopiers, air conditioning,
phones etc.
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Noise
Some of the Occupations Most effected by Noise
Fitter machinists
Boilermakers, Sheet metal workers,
Plant operators
Process workers
Aeronautical mechanics/engineers.
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Noise
The Effects of Noise
Hearing loss
Tinnitus (ringing or buzzing in the ears)
Cochlea in a bad condition
Loss of communication skills
Unable to hear warning signals
Stress
Reduction in concentration
Reduction in work performance
Cochlea in a good condition
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Noise
The Effects of Noise
Employees who work in a noisy workplace also need to be aware of noise
sources outside of the workplace. Loud music venues, noisy household
equipment, lawnmowers, power tools etc, hobbies that involve the use of
noisy equipment. These can contribute to the overall daily noise dose.
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Noise
Protection from Noise
State and Territory legislation sets out the maximum noise levels to which
employees may be exposed. These exposure levels aim to protect the
hearing of employees. Even lower levels of noise can be a problem,
especially when they are loud enough to interfere with work that demands
high levels of concentration, mental alertness or essential communications.
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Legislated Noise Exposure Levels by State or Territory
State or Territory
dB (A)
Over 8 hours equivalent
New South Wales
85
Victoria
85
South Australia
90
Western Australia
90
Queensland
85
Tasmania
90
Northern Territory
85
Australian Capital Territory
85
Commonwealth Employees
85
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Recommended Maximum Noise Levels
Work or Workplace
Maximum Noise Level
(dB)
Hospital wards, theatres, training rooms
Work involving concentration
20 to 35
50
Offices, stores, restaurants, business
premises
40 to 55
Areas where communication is essential
70
Production Areas
75
Level above which hearing protection
should be worn
85
Normally unattended plant rooms
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90 to 115
Noise
How to tell if there is a Noise Problem in the Work Place
Difficult to use telephone or hear it ring.
Difficult to hear warning signals
Its necessary to raise your voice to have a conversation
Complaints about the noise levels in the workshop.
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Noise
If there is noise in the workplace then protection is needed, it can
be provided by:
Redesigning plant or equipment to reduce noise levels.
Isolation of noisy plant or equipment
Installation of soundproofing or dampening.
Rotation of employees between different machines/processes so they are
not in the noisy area all the time.
Provide Personal Protective Equipment, ear plugs or ear muffs.
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Vibration
Vibration is the rapid oscillating (backward and forward)
movement of an object. The energy of the vibration can be
transmitted into the body through direct contact with the vibrating
object.
Vibration is found in all forms of equipment and
transport, in buildings, in and around industrial plant
and in power tools. In fact, virtually everything that is
composed of moving parts vibrates to some extent. So
the problem is common to most industries.
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Vibration
Whole body vibration typically occurs when vibration enters the body
through a seat or the floor.
Hand arm vibration affects those who use vibrating hand held equipment or
tools or who operate vibrating controls.
Example of equipment that can cause vibration:
Chain saws
Angle grinders
Stamping equipment
Chipping tools
Pneumatic drills
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Vibration
The Effects of Vibration
There is insufficient information about what is deemed to be a safe level of
exposure to vibration.
The risk of health effects from vibration varies depending on:
The frequency of the vibration
Whether the whole body or part is exposed
The length of exposure
The ambient temperature. Hand – arm vibration exposure in a cold
environment is more risky than at room temperature.
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Vibration
Hand Arm Vibration
Vibration Induced White Finger.
One or more fingers become white when exposed to cold
Tingling or loss of sensation in the finger develops
Fingers become swollen, stiff and painful during attacks.
Light touch can be lost, making fine work and picking up small objects
difficult.
The ability to distinguish between hot and cold is lost in the affected
fingers
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Vibration
Hand Arm Vibration
Vibration Induced White Finger.
Pain and cold sensation are felt between attacks
Grip strength becomes weaker
White finger attacks increase in frequency until the also occur in warm
weather.
The disease which is caused by damage to blood circulation in the fingers,
generally takes several years to develop.
There is no cure for vibration induced white finger.
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Vibration
Whole Body Vibration
Health effects.
Degenerative disease of back and damage to spinal ligaments and tendons.
Abdominal pain, digestive problems, urinary problems.
Problems with balance, vision, sleeplessness and dizziness.
With very low frequencies 0.1 – 0.6 Hz motion sickness may occur.
There is also some evidence that vibration may cause miscarriage for
pregnant women.
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Vibration
Protection From Vibration
Hand Arm Vibration
Use minimum hand grip needed to control tool.
Avoid continuous exposure, take regular breaks, e.g. 10 min per hour.
Hold tool away from body if possible
Maintain a good cutting edge on the tool
Stay warm, cold speeds the development of white finger.
Well fitting gloves can be helpful. Gloves that are too tight or too loose can
actually worsen the risk
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Vibration
Protection From Vibration
Whole Body Vibration
Maintain good posture and fitness.
Use any vibration-damping devices provided (e.g mats, seat liner ).
Take regular breaks so as to limit the time spent on the vibrating surface
Maintain plant, equipment or vehicles to keep vibration to a minimum.
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Extremes of temperature
Hot Work and Workplaces
In Australia hot work and hot workplaces are common, especially in the
summer. They are any set of conditions which create heat stress in
employees. The heat can be from hot work processes, hot climatic
conditions, heavy work in moderately hot conditions and work where
occlusive clothing must be worn.
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Extremes of temperature
Hot Work and Workplaces
Factors which contribute to heat stress are those which produce
heat and/or affect the body’s ability to disperse excess heat and
maintain normal body temperature They Include:
Work Rate, The heavier the work the greater the heat.
Air temperature, High temperatures make it difficult for the body to
dissipate heat.
Humidity, High humidity means lower sweat evaporation, less cooling.
Air Flow, High air flow aids the body in cooling down
Clothing, Heavy clothing can trap heat and lead to overheating.
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Extremes of temperature
Where can Hot Workplaces be Found
Foundries, smelters and metal works.
Glass works and in the ceramic industries (ovens and kilns)
Mines.
Coke ovens
Firefighting
Outdoor work in hot weather
Heavy work in warm weather.
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Extremes of temperature
Ill Health Due to Heat Stress
Mild heat illness, weak, dizzy
Fainting, loss of blood to the brain
Heat Exhaustion, collapse, dehydration, salt loss, system overload
Heat stroke, Irritability, confusion, convulsions, high body temperature
Salt deficiency, Lethargy, weakness, muscle cramps
Prickly heat, Red rash, itchy or prickly.
Psychological effects, irritability, decreased efficiency, decreased mental
functions
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Extremes of temperature
Protection From Heat Induced Injuries
Acclimatisation, work slowly until your body adjusts to the temperature
Drinks, drink cool non-alcoholic drinks at frequent intervals
Medical Check Ups, have regular medical checks.
Breaks, take regular rest breaks.
Clothing, wear appropriate clothing, e.g loose cotton
Symptoms, report any symptoms of ill health immediately
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Extremes of temperature
Cold Workplaces
Cold workplaces are not as significant an issue in Australia, with our
relatively warm climate, as they are in other parts of the world. However
they are still an issue for outdoor workers in some parts of the country and in
some industries.
Cold workplaces are difficult to define since there is more than one factor
involved in the amount of chill experienced. The three main factors
affecting heat loss from the body leading to cold injuries are:
Temperature
Wind (air speed)
Moisture
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Extremes of temperature
Cold Workplaces
The lower the temperature and the greater the wind speed, the greater the
risk is. If a worker gets wet, especially if they are immersed in water, loss of
heat is accelerated dramatically. The risk to the whole body chilling
(hypothermia) does not generally occur above 10°C. However, in very cold
winds, it can occur in temperatures as high as 18°C. Localised effects such
as frostbite require temperatures below freezing.
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Extremes of temperature
Who can be exposed to cold workplaces
Fishermen
Divers
Outdoor workers in wintertime
Refrigerated warehouse workers
Gas and Oil workers (Bass Strait)
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Extremes of temperature
Ill Health Due to Cold
Hypothermia - generalised cooling of the whole body
Frostbite - localised freezing of skin tissue, amputation may be required
Immersion foot and trench foot - Numbness, swelling, gangrene
Chilblains – Inflamed swellings or sores on hands or feet.
Frostnip – Skin on face or fingers can turn white when exposed to cold
winds.
Chapped skin – Chapping results from cold, dry conditions, causing dry
sore, flaking skin and cracking, especially to lips.
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Extremes of temperature
Protection From Cold Induced Injuries
Acclimatisation, work slowly until your body adjusts to the temperature
Drinks, drink warm non-alcoholic drinks at frequent intervals
Medical Check Ups, have regular medical checks.
Breaks, take regular rest breaks.
Clothing, adequate clothing , clean and dry, multiple layered.
Do Not Work Alone
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Psychological Stress
Stress is the outcome of the demands made on us by the environment, work,
home and all aspects of our lives. The demands and situations which can
create stress are commonly referred to as ‘stressors’.
Some stress is very beneficial and, indeed, essential, making life
challenging, busy, fulfilled and enjoyable. Without this positive stress life
would lack stimulation and be very monotonous.
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Where is Stress Found
Stress can be found in every workplace, all the time, across all industries and
all types of work. Sometimes stresses placed on employees become
excessive and cause problems, although it is often a combination of stressors
that cause the problems rather than on stressor on its own. Workplace
stressors can be divided into three main groups:
The nature of the work
The tools and technology used to do it
The orginasational, social and physical work environment.
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Examples of work situations from all three categories which can contribute
to problematic stress include:
Boredom .e.g repetitive tasks, watching gauges, lights etc
Workloads
Deadlines
Violent occurrences
Poor conditions, dusty or noisy work areas
Fear of job loss
Lack of job satisfaction
Poor personal relationships with workmates or supervisors
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What are the effects of Stress.
Some Psychological symptoms
Lack of caring about things you would normally care about.
Irritability
Lack of concentration
Forgetfulness
Depression
Nervousness
Difficulty relaxing
Resentment
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What are the effects of Stress.
Some Physical Symptoms
Poor immune system, easily catching colds, flu etc.
Headache
Stomach disorders, pain, diarrhoea
Lack of energy
Rashes
Ulcers
Sleep disturbances
Chest pain.
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What are the effects of Stress.
Some Psychosocial Symptoms
Taking up or increasing alcohol intake.
Taking up or increasing drug taking
Taking up or increasing smoking
Increased likelihood of accidents because of lack of concentration
Lowered work performance
Changed eating habits
Reduced interaction with friends and family
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Drugs and Alcohol.
What is Drug and Alcohol Use
The use of drugs including alcohol by people at the workplace in such a way
that it affects their work performance. Drug use includes:
Illegal drugs such as heroin, cocaine and marijuana
Inappropriate use of alcohol
Prescription drugs which can cause drowsiness, loss of concentration or loss
of coordination, .e.g sleeping pills, pain relievers etc.
Over the counter medications which can cause drowsiness, loss of
concentration, etc.
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Drugs and Alcohol.
What is Drug and Alcohol Use
People who use illegal drugs or alcohol are often aware of the effect the
drugs will have on them. However they often ignore this and are driven by
their addiction, stressors or peer pressure. In the case of prescription or over
the counter drugs, the user may be unaware of the effects that the drug may
have or, alternatively, may feel that they don’t want to let the workplace
down by taking time off work and that they will manage somehow even
though they are ill. If the job involves operating machinery or driving, this
can be a serious mistake to make.
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What are the effects of Drug and Alcohol Use
Poor work performance
Increased risk of Accident
Increased risk of aggression and violence.
Be smart stick to non alcoholic drinks at
work and when driving.
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Occupational Overuse Syndrome (OOS)
What is OOS
OOS also known as repetitive strain injury (RSI) is defined by the National
Code of Practice for the Prevention and Management of Occupational
Overuse Syndrome.
A collective term for a range of conditions characterised by discomfort or
persistent pain in muscles, tendons and other soft tissues, with or without
physical manifestations. It is usually associated with tasks which involve:
Repetitive or forceful movements, or both and/or
Maintenance of constrained or awkward posture.
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Occupational Overuse Syndrome (OOS)
Performing continuous repetitive work leads to static and dynamic loading
of the muscles in the region of the neck, shoulders and upper limbs. In this
way, OSS is a form of manual handling injury and can be considered a
manual handling problem.
The major difference in characterising OOS from other manual handling
hazards is repetitive or forceful movements and awkward or constrained
postures. Other manual handling problems usually involve tasks which
transfer heavy loads and involve non-repetitive actions
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Where are OOS Problems Found.
Process workers and machinists in manufacturing
Cleaners and kitchen workers
Keyboard operators, clerks and typists
Musicians
Carpet layers
Hairdressers
Mail sorters.
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A number of specific conditions are identified as resulting from OOS. These
relate to the inflammation of the tendons and muscles. Common injuries
include:
Tenosynovitis: inflammation of tendon sheaths which allow fingers to bend.
Carpal tunnel syndrome: affects the tendoms and nerves entering the hand
Tendonitis: inflammation and thickening of the tendon
Peritendonitis: inflammation and thickening of the muscle and tendon
junction.
Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow): injury to muscle/tendons at elbow
Tension neck syndrome: injuries to shoulder joint and neck muscles.
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Protection from OOS:
Use mechanical aids or devices and any associated training
Take regular rest breaks.
Adjust chairs/seats/workstations in accordance with the Code of Practice
Arrange work activities to minimise the extent of reach in each task.
Report to the supervisor or health and safety representative any problems
observed or experienced with tasks which might result in OOS.
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Electrical Hazards
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Use of Electricity in the Workplace
Electricity is the flow of an electrical current through a conducting material.
In general, the conductor is a metal such as copper wire which has very little
opposition to the flow of electric current. However, electricity can also flow
through many other materials including the human body. Water can assist
the flow of electrons and increase the potential for electric shock.
Where are Electrical Hazards Found
Possible electrical hazards are commonly found at most workplaces and at
home. Generally, electrical workers are more exposed to electrical hazards
than other people although the use of electrically powered equipment is
common in most workplaces.
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Four particularly high-risk activities can be identified for electrical hazards,
these are:
Overhead line work involving linesman on elevated poles or transmission
lines.
Working in substations operated by generating and supply authorities
Electrical workers who are unsupervised and subject to pressure and tired
from overwork.
Using extended equipment and plant (e.g front end loaders) near overhead or
underground power lines..
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In certain situations other groups are also at risk of electrical shock, these
situations include:
Cables which are damaged from mechanical wear and tear.
Inappropriate use of double male and female plugs on extension leads.
Unqualified people constructing/maintaining flexible cords and cables.
Cables and equipment which are not regularly checked and maintained..
Failure to identify where electrical cables and installations are connected.
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What are the effects of Electricity:
There are three major hazards connected with the use of electricity. These
can be broadly described as shock hazards from direct or indirect contact
with the electricity; excessive heat which can cause burns and fire; and
induction hazards which can cause what is referred to as dielectric heating.
Electricity is dangerous because we normally cannot sense its presence from
smell, taste, hearing or sight. The hazards of electric cables or switches are
not apparent and we may not be aware of a hazard that lies only millimetres
away.
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Protection from Electrical Hazards:
Electrical accidents usually result from:
Failure to isolate the supply even when it was possible to do so
Assuming rather than testing to determine if the equipment was ‘Dead’
Knowingly working on live equipment without taking adequate precautions
The main methods of protection from electrical hazards, therefore, involve a
combination of either insulation, earthing, isolation or the use of residual
current devices.
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General Safety Precautions:
Do not carry or suspend power tools by their leads:
Do not work with electrical tools or apparatus in metal enclosures or in
damp places unless the tools are cordless
Do not allow extension leads to be coiled tightly when in use- they may
overheat (induction/dielectric heating)
Do not allow cables to be placed on top of floors without protection or
permit truck or trolleys to run over electrical cables.
Do not stand on metal ladders when using poer tools unless they are cordless
tools.
Do not use frayed or damaged electrical cables or leads
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General Safety Precautions:
Do not use cables with double a male plug:
Do not use piggybacking through the use of double adaptors
Remember
Improper use of metal ladders is a major cause of electric shock
Insulated feet are a must.
Always look above before moving ladders
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Precautions when working with Electricity in the Fabrication Shop
Observe warning signs and do not use a machine with a safety tag fitted
Make sure all equipment that needs earthing is earthed
Work on rubber mats if working inside metal containers.
Remove all jewellery and watches that may accidentally come into contact
with live equipment.
Be aware of signs or wear and neglect with portable tools and equipment
such as:
Worn or frayed leads, broken or bent plugs, excessive sparks or noise from
motors etc.
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Residual Current Devices
Residual Current Devices (RCD’s) or earth leakage devices are electrical
safety devices specifically designed to provide protection against electric
shock and to prevent fire and equipment damage. Traditionally, circuit
breakers and fuses are designed to provide protection by disconnecting the
circuit in which they are connected.
Unfortunately, human error can result in the earthing of live parts without
triggering the protection device. This means that the circuit is not
disconnected.
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Residual Current Devices
On a circuit which has an RCD, if a fault develops and electricity flows to
earth, for example through a person, the RCD operates almost
instantaneously preventing a potential fatal shock. RCD’s operate by
continually monitoring and comparing current flow in both active and
neutral conductors of an electrical circuit. If current the flow becomes out of
balance, the RDC operates and cuts off the electrical flow.
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